The Pharisees

We present here a study of Pharisaism with a view more fully to understand and appreciate the attitude of the Pharisees toward Jesus our Savior. The Scribes and the Pharisees were in a position of leadership in the church at the time of Christ\u27s visible sojourn here on earth. They had studied the Old Testament; they knew the Torah; and they were acquainted with the Messianic prophecies. But when the Messiah came in the person of Jesus Christ, the Pharisees were the men who turned out to be His most stubborn opponents. Why? There must have been some reason for it; and it is our aim to get at the heart of this matter

Autres contributions pour la connaissance de la végétation de la Hesse : pelouses acidiphile montagnardes et landes à dominance de nanophanérophytes

Pflanzengesellschaften der Borstgrasrasen und Zwergstrauch-Heiden (Calluno-Ulicetea) werden anhand von 27 Vegetationsaufnahmen beschrieben, die auf „Pflanzensoziologischen Sonntagsexkursionen“ in den Jahren 1989 bis 1995 erstellt wurden. Der größte Teil der Aufnahmen gehört zur Ordnung Nardetalia und repräsentiert Bestände des Festuco-Genistelletum sagittalis, des Juncetum squarrosi und einer Violion-Basalgesellschaft. Die dokumentierten Pflanzengesellschaften werden im Hinblick auf pflanzensoziologisch-syntaxonomische Aspekte, Ökologie, Nutzung und Gefährdung charakterisiert.Nardus stricta grasslands and dwarf shrub heaths in Hesse are characterised with respect to their phytosociology, ecology, endangerment, and nature conservation on the basis of 27 relevés made between 1989 and 1995 during “phytosociological Sunday excursions”. The relevés mostly belong to the Festuco-Genistelletum sagittalis, Juncetum squarrosi, and a Violion basal community.Les communautés des nardaies et des fruticées naines à genêt (Calluno-Ulicetea) ont été documentées grâce aux 27 relevés faits lors des „Pflanzensoziologische Sonntagsexkursionen (excursions phytosociologiques dominicales)“ au cours des années 1989 à 1995. La plupart des relevés appartiennent à l’ordre Nardetalia et représentent les groupements des Festuco-Genistelletum sagittalis, des Juncetum squarrosi et d’une communauté basale du Violion. Les communautés sont caractérisées par rapport aux divers aspects suivants: sociologie, syntaxonomie, écologie, menace de disparition et conservation

Quantitative determination of bond order and lattice distortions in nickel oxide heterostructures by resonant x-ray scattering

We present a combined study of Ni $K$-edge resonant x-ray scattering and density functional calculations to probe and distinguish electronically driven ordering and lattice distortions in nickelate heterostructures. We demonstrate that due to the low crystal symmetry, contributions from structural distortions can contribute significantly to the energy-dependent Bragg peak intensities of a bond-ordered NdNiO$_3$ reference film. For a LaNiO$_3$-LaAlO$_3$ superlattice that exhibits magnetic order, we establish a rigorous upper bound on the bond-order parameter. We thus conclusively confirm predictions of a dominant spin density wave order parameter in metallic nickelates with a quasi-two-dimensional electronic structure

Tunable Charge and Spin Order in PrNiO3_3 Thin Films and Superlattices

We have used polarized Raman scattering to probe lattice vibrations and charge ordering in 12 nm thick, epitaxially strained PrNiO$_3$ films, and in superlattices of PrNiO$_3$ with the band-insulator PrAlO$_3$. A carefully adjusted confocal geometry was used to eliminate the substrate contribution to the Raman spectra. In films and superlattices under tensile strain, which undergo a metal-insulator transition upon cooling, the Raman spectra reveal phonon modes characteristic of charge ordering. These anomalous phonons do not appear in compressively strained films, which remain metallic at all temperatures. For superlattices under compressive strain, the Raman spectra show no evidence of anomalous phonons indicative of charge ordering, while complementary resonant x-ray scattering experiments reveal antiferromagnetic order associated with a modest increase in resistivity upon cooling. This confirms theoretical predictions of a spin density wave phase driven by spatial confinement of the conduction electrons.Comment: PRL, in pres

Phase formation in hole- and electron-doped rare-earth nickelate single crystals

The recent discovery of superconductivity in hole-doped infinite-layer nickelates has triggered a great interest in the synthesis of novel nickelate phases, which have primarily been examined in thin film samples. Here, we report the high-pressure optical floating zone (OFZ) growth of various perovskite and perovskite-derived rare-earth nickelate single-crystals, and investigate the effects of hole-, electron-, and self-doping. For hole-doping with Ca and Sr, we observe phase separations during the growth process when a substitution level of 8% is exceeded. A similar trend emerges for electron-doping with Ce and Zr. Employing lower doping levels allows us to grow sizeable crystals in the perovskite phase, which exhibit significantly different electronic and magnetic properties than the undoped parent compounds, such as a decreased resistivity and a suppressed magnetic response. Our insights into the doping-dependent phase formation and the resulting properties of the synthesized crystals reveal limitations and opportunities for the exploration and manipulation of electronic states in rare-earth nickelates

Single crystal synthesis, structure, and magnetism of Pb10−x_{10-x}Cux_x(PO4_4)6_6O

The recent claim of superconductivity above room temperature in Pb$_{10-x}$Cu$_x$(PO$_4$)$_6$O with 0.9 < $x$ < 1 (referred to as LK-99) has sparked considerable interest. To minimize the influence of structural defects and impurity phases on the physical properties, we have synthesized phase-pure single crystals with $x \sim 1$. We find that the crystals are highly insulating and optically transparent. X-ray analysis reveals an uneven distribution of the substituted Cu throughout the sample. Temperature ($T$) dependent magnetization measurements for $2 \leq T \leq 800$ K reveal the diamagnetic response characteristic of a non-magnetic insulator, as well as a small ferromagnetic component, possibly originating from frustrated exchange interactions in Cu-rich clusters in the Pb$_{10-x}$Cu$_x$(PO$_4$)$_6$O structure. No anomalies indicative of phase transitions are observed. We therefore rule out the presence of superconductivity in Pb$_{9}$Cu(PO$_4$)$_6$O crystals, and provide some considerations on the origin of anomalies previously reported in experiments on polycrystalline specimen

Transfer of Magnetic Order and Anisotropy through Epitaxial Integration of 3d and 4f Spin Systems

Resonant x ray scattering at the Dy M 5 and Ni L 3 absorption edges was used to probe the temperature and magnetic field dependence of magnetic order in epitaxial LaNiO3 DyScO3 superlattices. For superlattices with 2 unit cell thick LaNiO3 layers, a commensurate spiral state develops in the Ni spin system below 100 K. Upon cooling below T ind 18 K, Dy Ni exchange interactions across the LaNiO3 DyScO3 interfaces induce collinear magnetic order of interfacial Dy moments as well as a reorientation of the Ni spins to a direction dictated by the strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Dy. This transition is reversible by an external magnetic field of 3 T. Tailored exchange interactions between rare earth and transition metal ions thus open up new perspectives for the manipulation of spin structures in metal oxide heterostructures and device

Three dimensional collective charge excitations in electron-doped cuprate superconductors

High temperature cuprate superconductors consist of stacked CuO2 planes, with primarily two dimensional electronic band structures and magnetic excitations, while superconducting coherence is three dimensional. This dichotomy highlights the importance of out-of-plane charge dynamics, believed to be incoherent in the normal state, yet lacking a comprehensive characterization in energy-momentum space. Here, we use resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) with polarization analysis to uncover the pure charge character of a recently discovered collective mode in electron-doped cuprates. This mode disperses along both the in- and, importantly, out-of-plane directions, revealing its three dimensional nature. The periodicity of the out-of-plane dispersion corresponds to the CuO2 plane distance rather than the crystallographic c-axis lattice constant, suggesting that the interplane Coulomb interaction drives the coherent out-of-plane charge dynamics. The observed properties are hallmarks of the long-sought acoustic plasmon, predicted for layered systems and argued to play a substantial role in mediating high temperature superconductivity.Comment: This is the version of first submission. The revised manuscript according to peer reviews is now accepted by Nature and will be published online on 31st Oct., 201