Poor-Inclusive Urban Sanitation: An Overview

This paper provides an overview of urban sanitation while highlighting the need to address this challenge with emphasis on including slum dwellers and poor communities that have typically been neglected

Catalog of Lunar Craters I

This catalog gives the selenographic coordinates of all craters observable on a selected portion of the moon's surface. The diameter of the crater together with comments on shape are also given. Approximately 25 per cent of the craters have been measured previously by other observers. The catalog gives the position found in the present series of measurements and the name adopted by the International Astronomical Union

Catharsis in psychotherapy

The historical context of catharsis in psychotherapy is discussed, with particular reference to drama and ritual. The 'cathartic technique' of Freud and Breuer is then presented as part of the continuing development of approaches that advocate feeling-expression as a way of promoting personal change. The contemporary approaches considered include Reichian therapy, bioenergetics, primal therapy, and reevaluation counselling. Heron's theory of catharsis in human development is emphasized, and is central to the two experiential research inquiries presented later. The evidence for the efficacy of catharsis is reviewed from the perspective of the various 'schools' of emotionally-expressive therapy, and reference to the psychosomatic and bereavement literature is also made. Two research inquiries are presented which investigate the effects of catharsis on human functioning. A new paradigm experiential approach was adopted in which co-researchers engaged in a collaborative inquiry. 'Inside’ measures of subjective experiencing, contingent upon emotional catharsis, were gathered through self-report, as well as 'outside' measures of blood pressure, pulse rate, and personality functioning. Results suggest that physiologic tension decreases following somatic emotional catharsis, but that longer term changes in psycho-somatic functioning require the development of insight into the genesis of the 'symptom', as well as complementary therapeutic strategems. It is further suggested that the development of insight is contingent upon historical somatic catharsis. The results also show that where cognitive catharsis occurs without affective release, an increase in psycho-physiologic tension is effected, as shown in both the physiological measures and subjective experiencing. Finally, the implications of catharsis for therapeutic practice are discussed

Evaluation of a token economy in a school for disruptive children

The "medical" approach to the treatment of "behavioural problems is first considered, and dismissed as being an inappropriate conceptual framework for applications in education. Behaviour modification is presented as a more appropriate approach to intervention, and the advantages that pertain to the classroom teacher are discussed. Controversial issues are summarily reviewed, and include a discussion of the ethics of behavioural intervention and the polemics of behaviour therapy. Further discussion of the literature is mainly concerned with the procedural aspects of implementing behavioural programmes, and includes reference to methodology, functional analysis, and techniques of accelerating/facilitating and eliminating behaviours in the classroom. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of token economies to improve social and academic behaviours. The research report describes how a token economy was implemented in a classroom of six disruptive children. An intra-subject, reversal design was used within a phenomenal/ behavioural framework. Points were given contingent upon appropriate targeted classroom behaviour, and these could be exchanged for back-up reinforcers at a later time. Inappropriate target behaviours decreased significantly during the token phases but increased again during reversal phases. Assignment and on-task behaviours increased significantly during the token phases. Data suggests that some generalization occurred from morning to afternoon sessions for assignment behaviour, and from target behaviour to non-target behaviours. There was no evidence of generalization from token phases to non-token phases. Anecdotal evidence suggested that the students became very intransigent when the token system was removed; they "enjoyed" school more during the token phases. In the discussion a number of methodological and procedural aspects of the study are explored, and alternative strategies presented. The study shows that it is possible to effectively implement a phenomenal/behavioural programme in a classroom of disruptive students for minimal cost and time, with maximal benefits accruing to both teachers and students

Platinum Metal Complexes of Carbaboranylphophines: Potential Anti Cancer Agents

Polyhedral heteroboranes in particular dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes(12) and their organic derivatives have been the subject of intense research for over 40 years due to their unique chemical and physical properties. The initial attraction to dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes(12) In the medicinal chemistry research, was a result of their high boron content and stability to catabolism, which are important criteria for cancer therapy, such as BNCT (boron neutron capture therapy) agents. The coordination compounds of the platinum group metals have also received large interest for their potential application as chemotherapeutic agents, since cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), cisplatin, has been reported to have  capability as tumor inhibitor. Hence, applications can be envisioned for related cis platinum complexes. Complex of cis-rac-[PtCl2{1,2-(PRCl)2C2B10H10}] (R=Ph, tBu, NEt2, NPh2) have been synthesized by employing known carbaborane based phosphine ligands of clorophoshino-closo-dodecaborane , with complex of cis-[PtCl2(COD)] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) in an N2-atmosphere. The obtained complexes possess expected structure configuration, namely cis-rac. The characterization of the complex has been carried out using 1H, 31P, 13C and 11B-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), X-ray of single crystals, elemental analysis, IR (infra red) and mass spectroscopy (MS). The 31P{1H} NMR spectra of all the platinum complexes distinctly show the typical platinum satellites which are attributed to 31P-195Pt-coupling, in which the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum exhibits three lines with an intensity ratio of ca.1:4:1. The structure of the platinum complexes consists of a slightly distorted square-planar coordination sphere, in which the platinum atom is bonded to two chlorides and two phosphorus atoms of the chelating carbaboranylphosphine. Thus the platinum atoms exhibit the coordination number four, which is preferred in platinum(II) complexes.Keywords: Platinum complexes, phosphine ligand, carbaboran

Collecting Data with GPS: Those who reject, and those who receive

Most surveys using GPS devices to collect data have focused on the device and its effectiveness for collecting reliable and accurate data. Another dimension to be considered with this form of data collection is whether the people who consent to carry the GPS devices differ from those who do not. Using active or passive GPS devices for data collection entails some degree of respondent burden. Even a passive device, must be carried by the respondent and be kept charged as necessary. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that there are statistically significant differences between GPS participants and nonparticipants and consider whether differences may introduce response bias to the GPS survey. The data are from the ongoing Sydney HTS and an associated project comparing the quality of personal travel data collected through the HTS with data collected through the use of GPS devices. Because the participants in the GPS study were recruited from those who already agreed to participate in the HTS, sociodemographic characteristics of both participants and non-participants are available. Identifying potential response bias will assist in developing specialised programs to encourage participation of those most likely to refuse, raising the response rate, and reducing the response bias

Evaluating materiality in food waste reduction interventions

This paper assesses how interventions utilising material apparatus can drive food waste reduction in professionalkitchens. Using non-participant observation and interviews, this study evaluated work-based experiments to cutwaste in luxury hotels. The paper focuses on the impacts of one specific intervention: the introduction of small, trans-parent food waste bins, positioned at each food preparation station. Thefindings examine how the material propertiesof these apparatus, including size, calibration and transparency, coupled with their location, shaped chefs' food wasterelated practices. Moreover, thefindings show how chefs' organisational and occupational norms interact with the in-fluence exerted by utensils to create new meanings and assign value to food, waste and the craft skills used to reduce it