110 research outputs found
Kampen om matfatet og matproduksjonen
Antallet sultne i verden har Ăžkt, selv om det kan diskuteres om det i dag er en hĂžyere eller
lavere andel som lider under sult enn for seks Ă„r siden â fĂžr matprisĂžkningen. Alle er uansett
enige om at det samlet sett produseres nok mat i verden til at alle kan fÄ dekket sine
ernÊringsbehov. Artikkelen viser at to hovedretninger i debatten om matproduksjon stÄr
mot hverandre. Den dominerende retningen fokuserer primÊrt pÄ matsikkerhet, forstÄtt
som Ăžkt matproduksjon og Ăžkt handel med mat. Den andre retningen argumenterer for at
interessene og rettighetene for de mest sÄrbare mÄ ha forrang i politiske prioriteringer, og at
de sÄrbare sikres best med en strategi basert pÄ menneskerettigheter. Artikkelen drÞfter
landfordeling, Ăžkt bruk av genteknologi i landbruket og nedbygging av handelshindre for
landbruksprodukter. Industrialisering av landbruket og liberalisering av handelen med
landbruksvarer kan gi gode resultater pĂ„ makronivĂ„ â pĂ„ kort sikt. Dersom mĂ„let er Ă„
fremme situasjonen for de mest sÄrbare og samtidig mÞte klimautfordringene er lÞsningen
en nedenfra-tilnÊrming, som til nÄ er blitt ignorert av de fleste stater
Human Rights Impact Assessment in the Context of Biofuels: Addressing the Human Right to Food and the Human Right to Water
The original mandate of the UN Special Representative on Business and Human Rights said that he should âdevelop materials and methodologies for undertaking human rights impact assessments.â Since then, tools for human rights impact assessment (HRIA) have developed by different actors. This article reviews two such tools, both of which are up for revision in 2010. One is by the International Finance Corporation, International Business Leaders Forum and Global Compact, the other by the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels. The article finds that substantive human rights and human rights principles are well understood by the former, while the latter seems to have an inadequate understanding of crucial human rights principles, such as non-discrimination, but the latter has some procedural strengths as compared to the former
Norwegian christian leaders: The term âChristian Valuesâ is divisive and useless
Church leaders and politicians in several countries make frequent references to Christian values as part of a rhetoric of dividing between wanted and unwanted view and practices. Hence, even more than a source for division between adherents of different faiths, religion divides adherents of the same faith when identifying the core of religion. The article presents findings from a survey and focus group interviews with five groups of Norwegian Christian leaders: church leaders, bishops and deans from the Church of Norway, as well as leaders in mission organization and diaconal foundations. The informants are generally very hospitable towards immigrants, not particularly skeptical of Islam, and highly skeptical of politicians applying the term âChristian valuesâ for protectionist purposes. While distancing themselves from the term âChristian valuesâ, informants have a clear understanding of what these values encompass. These attitudes mirror the major attitudes among the so-called church-going Norwegians in the Pew report, âBeing Christian in Western Europeâ, having higher appreciation of both Islam and immigration than the other groups of informants. The article proceeds by explaining and contextualizing, including how the churches have promoted conviviality in diverse societies and whether the leaders are willing to act when Christianity is applied to legitimize nativism.publishedVersio
Book reviews
Bokanmeldelser av " The Fight for the Right to Food. Lessons Learned" (Ziegler, Golay, Mahon, Way, 2011). "Accounting for Hunger.The Right to Food in the Era of Globalization" (de Schutter, Cordes (eds), 2011). "Governing Food Security. Law, Politics and the Right to Food" (Hospes, Hadiprayitno (eds), 2010). "Constitutional and Legal Protection of the Right to Food around the World" (Knuth, Vidar, 2011
What policy space for diaconal institutions? Challenges from public procurement
Procurement processes with tender competition have been a preferred approach for engaging service providers in Norway. Even if the present Norwegian government finds it âessential that competition becomes an integral part of all public activity,â a simultaneous push for preserving the welfare mix of Norway has occurred, with public, non-profit, and for-profit actors. What specificmeasures are being undertaken to preserve the non-profit actors? How have the Norwegian authorities sought to utilize the policy space that the EU/EEA (European Economic Area) provides? The article concludes that Norway has a wide policy space for providing public health and welfare services through non-profit actors, but there is disagreement between Norway and the European Surveillance Authority (ESA) concerning which health and social welfare services that represent exercise of official authority. Procurement processes relating to such services can be reserved to non-profit actors.publishedVersio
Financialization of mother earth. Do offsets and payments or right-based approaches provide for better conservationist approaches?
Five different regimes or approaches to nature conservation are analyzed: Carbon markets, Payments for Environmental Services (PES), Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), human rights, and rights of nature (Mother Earth). The climate change mitigation efforts is the policy context for studying these approaches. The still dominant approach involves payments and offsets, with social and environmental safeguard mechanisms being increasingly applied, influenced by substantive human rights requirements. REDD projects stand out from PES projects by being performance-based, while the Mother Earth approach has so far not had a decisive influence on policy-making. Keohane and Daniel G. Victorâs six evaluative criteria to assess regime complexes are applied to assess these regimes or approaches: (i) coherence; (ii) accountability; (iii) determinacy; (iv) sustainability; (v) epistemic embedding; and (vi) fairness. The article finds that the evaluative criteria indeed have a role to play in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various regimes and approaches, and that the human rights regime has a underutilized potential in guiding conservationist approaches in the context of climate change.publishedVersio
Energy security vs. food security - comparing Brazil, Indonesia and Tanzania
While being at different stages in the development of a biofuels industry, the three states, Brazil, Indonesia and Tanzania, all have high ambitions regarding biofuel production. The article focuses in particular on the issue of land and land availability, based on the fact that dislocation from the land can involve human rights violations, and that land-use change is said to contribute to 18 per cent of global green house gas emissions. The article demonstrates that all three states face serious problems with regard to food security. The state with the best overall record on food security, Brazil, has particular challenges in complying with its obligations regarding indigenous peoples. Both Indonesia and Tanzania are faced with increased food and energy insecurity, even if Indonesia saw a reduction in its proportion of hungry people from the early 1990 to 2005. The most relevant legislation is reviewed, finding that the rights of local communities and indigenous peoplesâ to make demands on the investors is not properly ensured
Approaches to inclusive and equitable societies: diaconal perspectives
There are two dominant approaches in social science to inclusive and equitable societies. The social cohesion approach emphasizes the dominant norms that bind societies together. The social capital approach emphasizes how relationships between individuals contribute positively to societal progress. Religions in general, and churches and congregations in particular, have proved to contribute positively to both social capital and social cohesion, by providing spaces for encounters and friendships. This article asks whether these two approaches are adequate for building inclusive communities faced with economic strictures, power abuse, violence, legal restrictions and mental bigotry, which can create tensions and exclude persons from the communities. The article seeks to identify whether a new approach termed conviviality could be applied. It finds that this approach makes an important contribution in promoting coexistence amidst divisions and power
Human Rights in Natural Science and Technology Professionsâ Codes of Ethics?
No global professional codes for the natural science and technology professions exist. In light of how the application of new technology can affect individuals and communities, this discrepancy warrants greater scrutiny. This article analyzes the most relevant processes and seeks to explain why these processes have not resulted in global codes. Moreover, based on a human rights approach, the article gives recommendations on the future process and content of codes for science and technology professions. The relevance of human rights in the realm of individual conduct is based on the fact that while human rights treaties primarily outline State obligations, individuals have responsibility for human rights promotion. Human rights principles have only recently been subject to interests from policy makers and academics, and must be better clarified. Human rights principles are found to be relevant, but are effective only if they are applied in conjunction with substantive human rights
Traditional Knowledge and Human Rights
In the realm of intellectual property protection, traditional knowledge has been receiving increasing attention in the past few years. Presently, however, there is no international treaty regulating traditional knowledge.â Nonetheless, the efforts of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (GRTKFw) ithin the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) might just result in the creation of such an international instrument. Indeed, the WIPO General Assembly said in 2003 that âno outcome of its work is excludedâ.* In parallel to these developments, a wealth of academic literature Concerning the understanding of traditional knowledge has recently been published.3 This article will analyse the relationship between the notion of traditional knowledge and the international protection of human rights, particularly Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)4 and Article 15.1 ofthe International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).5 More specifically, the article will seek to answer to what extent recognized human rights contribute to the emerging acknowledgement of traditional knowledge at both the national and international level. In other words, is there an obligation under human rights law to provide for some kind of protection of traditional knowledge? The pertinence of such a question is based on the acknowledgement of the relevance of human rights in the context of traditional knowledge as expressed by the WIPOas~ w ell as by certain States.â It is assumed for the purpose of this article that most indigenous peoples and local communities are receptive to a form of protection of their traditional knowledge.* Moreover, it is also important to acknowledge that while the notion of exclusive rights is considered to be alien to the culture of most indigenous people^,^ exclusive rights might be important in any indigenous community. Nevertheless, at the same time, caution should be applied when addressing intellectual property protection in the context of indigenous peoples and local communities
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