The Utilization of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemical Compounds to Inhibit The Interaction of Spike-protein SARS-CoV-2 Virus and ACE-2 Receptor for COVID-19 Therapy (Literature Review)

SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The interaction between spike protein and ACE2 receptor causes virus entry into the cells. The aim of this study was to review the utilization of nutraceutical and phytochemical agents to inhibit the interaction of spike protein envelope SARS-CoV-2 virus and ACE2 receptor. The data literature was retrieved from several databases such as Google scholar, Science direct, and PubMed. This study was conducted from September-October 2020. The review process was conducted based on PRISMA Guidelines.The results showed that nutraceuticals such as tuna peptides (EEAGGATAAQIEM), nisin, teicoplanin, zinc, propolis, Ganoderma lucidum, brown algae, and lectin have the potential to inhibit the interaction of spike protein SARS-CoV-2 virus and ACE2 receptor. Phytochemical compounds such as curcumin, luteolin, EGCG, hesperidin, resveratrol, saikosaponin, nicotianamine, procyanidin and the others also have the same. From this study, it can be concluded that nutraceuticals and phytochemical agents have potential benefits in COVID-19 treatment based on in silico study. However, we need further studies based on in vitro experiments and in vivo to ensure the effectivity of those nutraceutical agents

Synthesis Of Some Cinnamic Acid Derivatives: Effect Of Groups Attached

Synthesis of cinnamic acid and its six derivatives has been done by employing Knoevenagel reaction. Benzaldehyde, 4-butylbenzaldehyde, 4-t-butylbenzaldehyde, 4-butoxybenzaldehyde, 4-phenylbenzaldehyde, 5bromo-2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde were reacted with malonic acid in pyridine - piperidine to give cinnamic acid (85,3%), 4-butylcinnamic acid (69,3%), 4-t-butylcinnamic acid (77,7%), 4butoxycinnamic acid (64,5%), 4-phenylcinnamic acid (65,5%), 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (53,2%) and 5bromo-2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (57,2%), respectively. It was disclosed that 4-alkyl, 4-alkoxy, 4-aryl, dan 2-alkoxy groups decrease the reactivity of carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde. . Keywords: cinnamic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, Knoevenagel reactio

ONE-STEP CONVERSION OF EUGENOL TO METHYL ISOEUGENOL USING MICROWAVE IRRADIATION IN SOLVENT-FREE CONDITIONS

A research on conversion of eugenol to methyl isoeugenol via one-step reaction with microwave irradiation has been carried out. Mixtures containing eugenol, sodium or potassium carbonate as solid support, with or without sodium or potassium hydroxide as base, with or without tetrabutylammonium bromide as phase transfer catalyst, with dimethyl sulfate as the methylating agent were irradiated in a domestic microwave oven for 20 - 50 seconds. It was revealed that one-step methylation and isomerization required combinations of sodium or potassium hydroxide base and tetrabutylammonium bromide. Without combination of base and TBAB only one product, i.e. methyl eugenol, was formed.   Keywords: eugenol, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, microwav

SYNTHESIS OF SOME CINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES: EFFECT OF GROUPS ATTACHED ON AROMATIC RING TO THE REACTIVITY OF BENZALDEHYDE

Synthesis of cinnamic acid and its six derivatives has been done by employing Knoevenagel reaction. Benzaldehyde, 4-butylbenzaldehyde, 4-t-butylbenzaldehyde, 4-butoxybenzaldehyde, 4-phenylbenzaldehyde, 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde were reacted with malonic acid in pyridine – piperidine to give cinnamic acid (85,3%), 4-butylcinnamic acid (69,3%), 4-t-butylcinnamic acid (77,7%), 4-butoxycinnamic acid (64,5%), 4-phenylcinnamic acid (65,5%), 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (53,2%) and 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (57,2%), respectively. It was disclosed that 4-alkyl, 4-alkoxy, 4-aryl, dan 2-alkoxy groups decrease the reactivity of carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde.   Keywords: cinnamic acid, cinnamic acid derivatives, Knoevenagel reactio

INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF SOME SYNTHETIC CINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES TOWARDS TYROSINASE ENZYME Daya Hambat Beberapa Turunan Asam Sinamat SintetikTerhadap Enzim Tirosinase

ABSTRACT Cinnamic acid is one of known tyrosinase inhibitors. This study investigated the inhibition of tyrosinase activity of some cinnamic acid derivatives, i.e. 4-buthoxy-cinnamic acid, 4-n-butylcinnamic acid and 4-phenylcinnamic acid. Each inhibitor used in this research had the same type of inhibition towards enzymatic activity, i.e. mixed type inhibition of competitive and non competitive type. The potential sequence of tyrosinase inhibition based on the ratio of its IC5Qcompared to cinnamic acid, from the lowest to the highest were 4-buthoxycinnamic acid, 4-phenylcinnamic acid and 4-n-butylcinnamic acid. Based on the obtained results of this research, it was disclosed that n-butyl substituent on para position did not increase the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid towards tyrosinase enzymatic reaction. But in the other hand, buthoxy and phenyl substituent on para position could increase the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid towards tyrosinase enzymatic reaction because buthoxy substituent increased the similarity of its structure with the substrate of enzymatic reaction while phenyl susbtituent blocked the substrate-enzyme reaction

INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF SOME SYNTHETIC CINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES TOWARDS TYROSINASE ENZYME

Cinnamic acid is one of known tyrosinase inhibitors. This study investigated the inhibition of tyrosinase activity of some cinnamic acid derivatives, i.e. 4-buthoxy-cinnamic acid, 4-n-butylcinnamic acid and 4-phenylcinnamic acid. Each inhibitor used in this research had the same type of inhibition towards enzymatic activity, i.e. mixed type inhibition of competitive and non competitive type. The potential sequence of tyrosinase inhibition based on the ratio of its IC50 compared to cinnamic acid, from the lowest to the highest were 4-buthoxycinnamic acid, 4-phenylcinnamic acid and 4-n-butylcinnamic acid. Based on the obtained results of this research, it was disclosed that n-butyl substituent on para position did not increase the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid towards tyrosinase enzymatic reaction. But in the other hand, buthoxy and phenyl substituent on para position could increase the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid towards tyrosinase enzymatic reaction because buthoxy substituent increased the similarity of its structure with the substrate of enzymatic reaction while phenyl susbtituent blocked the substrate-enzyme reaction.   Keywords: tyrosinase; L-DOPA; inhibition kinetics; IC50, cinnamic aci

Synthesis Of Some Cinnamic Acid Derivatives: Effect Of Groups Attached On Aromatic Ring To The Reactivity Of Benzaldehyde

Synthesis of cinnamic acid and its six derivatives has been done by employing Knoevenagel reaction. Benzaldehyde, 4-butylbenzaldehyde, 4-t-butylbenzaldehyde, 4-butoxybenzaldehyde, 4-phenylbenzaldehyde, 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, and 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde were reacted with malonic acid in pyridine – piperidine to give cinnamic acid (85,3%), 4-butylcinnamic acid (69,3%), 4-t-butylcinnamic acid (77,7%), 4-butoxycinnamic acid (64,5%), 4-phenylcinnamic acid (65,5%), 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (53,2%) and 5-bromo-2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (57,2%), respectively. It was disclosed that 4-alkyl, 4-alkoxy, 4-aryl, dan 2-alkoxy groups decrease the reactivity of carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde

The Utilization of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemical Compounds to Inhibit The Interaction of Spike-protein SARS-CoV-2 Virus and ACE-2 Receptor for COVID-19 Therapy (Literature Review)

SARS-CoV-2 virus can cause Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The interaction between spike protein and ACE2 receptor causes virus entry into the cells. The aim of this study was to review the utilization of nutraceutical and phytochemical agents to inhibit the interaction of spike protein envelope SARS-CoV-2 virus and ACE2 receptor. The data literature was retrieved from several databases such as Google scholar, Science direct, and PubMed. This study was conducted from September-October 2020. The review process was conducted based on PRISMA Guidelines.The results showed that nutraceuticals such as tuna peptides (EEAGGATAAQIEM), nisin, teicoplanin, zinc, propolis, Ganoderma lucidum, brown algae, and lectin have the potential to inhibit the interaction of spike protein SARS-CoV-2 virus and ACE2 receptor. Phytochemical compounds such as curcumin, luteolin, EGCG, hesperidin, resveratrol, saikosaponin, nicotianamine, procyanidin and the others also have the same. From this study, it can be concluded that nutraceuticals and phytochemical agents have potential benefits in COVID-19 treatment based on in silico study. However, we need further studies based on in vitro experiments and in vivo to ensure the effectivity of those nutraceutical agents

One-Step Conversion Of Eugenol To Methyl Isoeugenol Using Microwave Irradiation In Solvent-Free Conditions

A research on conversion of eugenol to methyl isoeugenol via one-step reaction with microwave irradiation has been carried out. Mixtures containing eugenol, sodium or potassium carbonate as solid support, with or without sodium or potassium hydroxide as base, with or without tetrabutylammonium bromide as phase transfer catalyst, with dimethyl sulfate as the methylating agent were irradiated in a domestic microwave oven for 20 – 50 seconds. It was revealed that one-step methylation and isomerization required combinations of sodium or potassium hydroxide base and tetrabutylammonium bromide. Without combination of base and TBAB only one product, i.e. methyl eugenol, was formed