Fermentasi silase sorghum-biji dan kedele yang ditanam tumpangsari

Laboratory experiments were conducted to observe fermentation characteristics of grain sorghum, soybean, and their intercropped silages. Rate of fermentations were observed in relation to the addition of Biomate silage inoculant upon silo openning post ensiled. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that end-product of grain sorghum silage produced pH 3.99 which was lower (P< .05) than the intercropped silage (4.25) and the soybean silage (5.09). Inoculation showed significant effect (P< .05) on the pH value during the first stage of fermentation, however, did not show any effect on the end product of silages. The results of Experiment 2 was corresponded to Experiment 1. Lactic acid producing bacteria enumeration indicated that silage crop materials contain sufficient numbers of bacteria to undergo silage fermentation. (Keywords: Grain-sorghumSoybean, Intercropped, Silage, Inoculant, pH.

Evaluasi produksi hijauan sorghum bijian kedele yang ditanam tumpangsari

Field plots were established in three replicates of randomized complete block design to evaluate production and chemical composition values of intercropped. In Experiment 1 (1988), crops of grain sorghum DeKalb-42Y (SB), soybeans Williams-82 (KW) and Pershing (KP), and intercrops SBKW and SBKP were seeded in 76 cm (A), 38 cm (B), or 15 cm drilled (C). The plots were harvested when the SB reached late-dough stage kernel maturity. Dry matter (DM) production was the highest (P.. Kata kunci: monokultur, tumpangsari, imbangan kesetaraan laha

Aktivitas Enzim Carboxy Methil Cellulase dan Produksi Volatile Fatty Acid pada Fermentasi Selulosa oleh Mikrobia Rumen Secara In Vitro

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Kualitas dan Kuantitas Sperma Kambing Bligon Jantan yang Diberi Pakan Rumput Gajah dengan Suplementasi Tepung Darah (Quality and Quantity of Semen of Buck Bligon Fed Elephant Grass Supplemented with Blood Meal).

The experiment was conducted to determine the quality and quantity of semen of buck Bligon fed elephant grass supplemented with blood meal. The experiment was carried out in Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction,Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Nine bucks Bligon age 8 to 12 months were used in the experiment. The experimental animals were devided into three groups of feed treatment, i.e group 1 (R0); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + soybean cake (10%), group 2 (R1); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + soybean cake (5%) + blood meal (5%), group 3 (R2); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + blood meal (10%). The experiment was carried out for 3 months. Semen collection using artificial vagina was done two times a week for four weeks. The variables measured were semen volume, semen pH, sperm motility, sperm consentration, sperm viability, and sperm abnormality. The experiment data were statisticaly analyzed using completely randomized design using statistical analysis and then continued with Duncan test to analyze the differences between means. The results showed that the suplementation of blood meal significantly increased (P≤0.01) semen volume. Semen volume for R0 was 0.42 ml lower than R1 0.82 ml and R2 0.69 ml whereas R1 and R2 differed significantly (P≤0.05). The treatments have significant effect (P≤0.01) on sperm motility. The highest spermmotility value was at treatment R1 which was 84.17% followed by R2 81.67% and the lowest was R0 65.00%. The effect of treatment on sperm concentration also significant (P≤0.01). Sperm concentration of R1 was 5,537.67 million cell/mlsemen and R2 was 4,415.33 million cell/ml semen which were higher than R0 (3,081.00 million cell/ml semen). Viability was significantly affected (P≤0.01) by the treatments. Viability value at treatment R0 was 69.88% and for treatment R1 and R2 were 91.25% and 87.63% respectively, the values differed significantly (P≤0.05). The effect of treatment on pH semen and sperm abnormality was not significant. Feed containing blood meal, corn meal, rice bran, and soybeancould increase the quality and quantity buck Bligon semen. The improvement of local goat livestock productivity could be done by giving blood meal as an alternative of protein source for feed supplement, particularly at areas having lowquality feed.(Key words : Goat, Semen quality, Blood meal

Kualitas dan Kuantitas Sperma Kambing Bligon Jantan yang Diberi Pakan Rumput Gajah dengan Suplementasi Tepung Darah (Quality and Quantity of Semen of Buck Bligon Fed Elephant Grass Supplemented with Blood Meal).

The experiment was conducted to determine the quality and quantity of semen of buck Bligon fed elephant grass supplemented with blood meal. The experiment was carried out in Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Nine bucks Bligon age 8 to 12 months were used in the experiment. The experimental animals were devided into three groups of feed treatment, i.e group 1 (R0); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + soybean cake (10%), group 2 (R1); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + soybean cake (5%) + blood meal (5%), group 3 (R2); elephant grass (60%) + corn meal (15%) + rice bran (15%) + blood meal (10%). The experiment was carried out for 3 months. Semen collection using artificial vagina was done two times a week for four weeks. The variables measured were semen volume, semen pH, sperm motility, sperm consentration, sperm viability, and sperm abnormality. The experiment data were statisticaly analyzed using completely randomized design using statistical analysis and then continued with Duncan test to analyze the differences between means. The results showed that the suplementation of blood meal significantly increased (P≤0.01) semen volume. Semen volume for R0 was 0.42 ml lower than R1 0.82 ml and R2 0.69 ml whereas R1 and R2 differed significantly (P≤0.05). The treatments have significant effect (P≤0.01) on sperm motility. The highest sperm motility value was at treatment R1 which was 84.17% followed by R2 81.67% and the lowest was R0 65.00%. The effect of treatment on sperm concentration also significant (P≤0.01). Sperm concentration of R1 was 5,537.67 million cell/ml semen and R2 was 4,415.33 million cell/ml semen which were higher than R0 (3,081.00 million cell/ml semen). Viability was significantly affected (P≤0.01) by the treatments. Viability value at treatment R0 was 69.88% and for treatment R1 and R2 were 91.25% and 87.63% respectively, the values differed significantly (P≤0.05). The effect of treatment on pH semen and sperm abnormality was not significant. Feed containing blood meal, corn meal, rice bran, and soybean could increase the quality and quantity buck Bligon semen. The improvement of local goat livestock productivity could be done by giving blood meal as an alternative of protein source for feed supplement, particularly at areas having low quality feed. (Key words : Goat, Semen quality, Blood meal

Perbaikan Pakan Kambing Bligon Menggunakan Daun Ketela sebagai Suplemen (Feed Improvement of Bligon Goats Diet Using Cassava Leaf as Supplement)

Agricultural by-product, especially from cassava plants, can be found easily at all over Indonesia. Parts of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plant that can be used for animal feed are leaves, stem covering, tuber (in dry or wet condition, with or without skin). Cassava leaves cannot be used freely as animal feed, because of the persistence of anti-quality, i.e. Cyanide Acid (HCN) and tannin substance. Cassava leaves can be found easily in the dry season, when generally the presence of forage as ruminant’s diet is so limited. This research had to be done to observe potency of cassava leaves as supplement for Bligon goat’s diet. This research used 24 mature early pregnant Bligon goats. The goat divided into 3 treatments, those are : K as Control Diet (conventional diet which usually be given by the farmers); T1 or Treatment 1 (Control Diet+300 g cassava leaves); and T2 or Treatment 2 (Control Diet+260 g cassava leaves+200 dried cassava tuber). The result showed that cassava leaves supplementation increased EE and TDN consumption. From total consumption, cassava leaves and dried cassava tuber increased DM, OM, CP, EE, and TDN digestibility, but reduced CF digestibility. The effect of anti-coccidia didn’t appear optimally which shown by there was no significant differences of the amount of coccidian oocyste in the goat feces. However, the amount of coccidian oocyste in the feces reduced (1666.67 on the T1 and 2500 on the T2) as compare to those on the K (5000). (Key words: Bligon Goat, Cassava leaves, Feed Supplement, Coccidiostat

KECERNAAN IN SACCO HIJAUAN LEGUMINOSA DAN HIJAUAN NON- LEGUMINOSA DALAM RUMEN SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE

This study was aimed to explore the optimum potential of forage and the degradation rate the rumen of nutrient of forage (legume and non legume) derived different forage fodder used farmers. Seven forages i.e. Gliricidia (GL),Manilkara (SW), Sesbania (TP), Ficus (BR), Calothyrsus (KL), Jackfruit (NG), and Cacao leaves (CO), were used in this experiment. Samples were incubated in the rumen of fistulated cattle with different time intervals, namely 2, 4, 8,12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The collected data were the nutrient digestibility residues in rumen, including dried matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Datawere analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the degradation theory (DT) values of DM : GL 60.06%; SW 34.78%; TP 73.96%; BR 41.40%; KL 43.80%; NG 43.67%; and CO 28.67%. From in sacco rumen calculation, it was obtained the DT values of OM : GL 59.13%; SW 32.74%; TP 73.07%; BR 42.83%; KL 44.18%; NG 45.04%; and CO 26.80%. Calculation of in sacco rumen showed the DT values of CP : GL 66.14%; SW 32.49%; TP 81.46%; BR 42.89%; KL 31.84%; NG 47.05%; and CO 29.46%. The calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DT values of NDF: GL 46.84%; SW 46.59%; TP 56.69%; BR 44.18%; KL 23.01%; NG 30.07%; and CO 55.43%. From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DTvalues of ADF: GL 61.27%; SW 43.95%; TP 56.53%; BR 40.11%; KL 21.08%; NG 44.66%; and CO 69.15%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) on the degradation of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF. It is concluded that not all of legume has higher DT values of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF fraction than non-legume. There is a tendency that the longer retention time in the rumen, the higher degradation rate.(Keywords: Legume, Non-legume, In sacco rumen

Kinerja Kambing Bligon pada Penggemukan dengan Level Protein Pakan Berbeda

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PENGARUH PERBEDAAN KADAR KALSIUM HIDROKSIDA DAN PENAMBAHAN AIR TERHADAP KOMPOSISI KIMIA DAN KECERNAAN IN VITRO DAUN KELAPA SAWIT

This study was conducted to observe the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and moisture level of soakedcrude palm leaves on its chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Level of Ca(OH)2 which used and moisture content which added for soaking process in this study were 0, 3, 6% (w/w) and 40, 50, 60% (w/w), respectively, on DM basis. This study was arranged in Complete Randomized Design using 3x3 factorial arrangements, with 3 replications. All significant results were then analysed with Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test. After treatment, oil palm leaves were placed in polyethylene plastic bag and stored for 21 days. Result showed the DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, NFE, NDF and ADF of palm leaves after treated were 37.89-59.52%, 87.83-92.96%, 8.32-9.84%, 35.91-40.63%, 5.98-7.47%, 34.66-40.06%, 64.74-75.39% and 46.56-59.32%, respectively. The IVDMD and IVOMD of palm leaves were 19.26-29.55% and 19.91-28.26%. Level of Ca(OH)2 and moisture content affected the chemical composition of palm leaves, but have no effect on its digestibility. The less effectiveness of Ca(OH)2 as a single treatment, caused by the low level of Ca(OH)2 and short time of treatment periode on palm leaves. Ca(OH)2 level of 6% and 40% moisture content was given the best results in this study. (Key words: Crude palm leaves, Ca(OH)2, Moisture content, In vitro digestibility

Pengaruh Penambahan Minyak Kelapa, Minyak Biji Bunga Matahari, dan Minyak Kelapa Sawit terhadap Penurunan Produksi Metan di dalam Rumen secara in Vitro (The Effect of Addition Coconut Oil, Sunflower Seed Oil, and Palm Olein on Reducing Ruminal Methane Pro

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of vegetable oil, such as coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, and palm olein on methane production, number of protozoa, microbial protein concentration, ammonia (NH3) concentration and carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC-ase) activity in the vitro fermentation of king grass and rice bran by rumen microbial. The experiment consisted of two treatments (i.e.) the effect of coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, and palm olein and level of addition of vegetable oil i.e. 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5%. The fermentation was done using Hohenheim gas test (HGT) metode and incubated at 39°C for 72 hours with three replicates. At the end of the fermentation, methane concentration, number of protozoa, microbial protein concentration, NH3 concentration, CMC-ase activity, and pH were observed. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and the design using factorial (3x4). The deferences of mean values were analyzed by Duncan’s new multiple range test (DMRT). The result showed that the number of protozoa decreased (P<0.05) as much as 9.8%, 20.85%, and 23.95%, followed by methane supression (P<0.01) much as 11.11%, 15.79%, and 18.51% with oil addition at level 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% compared to control, but no effect on microbial protein concentration, ammonia (NH3) concentration and carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC-ase) activity. It can be concluded that coconut oil had the highest affect on methane production by inhibition ofprotozoa growth and addition oil up to 5.0% reduced methane production as much as 15.80%.(Key words : Coconut oil, Sunflower seed oil, Palm olein, Methane production, Protozoa count, In vitro fermentation