A Model of IceWedge Polygon Drainage in Changing Arctic Terrain

As ice wedge degradation and the inundation of polygonal troughs become increasingly common processes across the Arctic, lateral export of water from polygonal soils may represent an important mechanism for the mobilization of dissolved organic carbon and other solutes. However, drainage from ice wedge polygons is poorly understood. We constructed a model which uses cross-sectional flow nets to define flow paths of meltwater through the active layer of an inundated low-centered polygon towards the trough. The model includes the eects of evaporation and simulates the depletion of ponded water in the polygon center during the thaw season. In most simulations, we discovered a strong hydrodynamic edge eect: only a small fraction of the polygon volume near the rim area is flushed by the drainage at relatively high velocities, suggesting that nearly all advective transport of solutes, heat, and soil particles is confined to this zone. Estimates of characteristic drainage times from the polygon center are consistent with published field observations

A Model of IceWedge Polygon Drainage in Changing Arctic Terrain

As ice wedge degradation and the inundation of polygonal troughs become increasingly common processes across the Arctic, lateral export of water from polygonal soils may represent an important mechanism for the mobilization of dissolved organic carbon and other solutes. However, drainage from ice wedge polygons is poorly understood. We constructed a model which uses cross-sectional flow nets to define flow paths of meltwater through the active layer of an inundated low-centered polygon towards the trough. The model includes the eects of evaporation and simulates the depletion of ponded water in the polygon center during the thaw season. In most simulations, we discovered a strong hydrodynamic edge eect: only a small fraction of the polygon volume near the rim area is flushed by the drainage at relatively high velocities, suggesting that nearly all advective transport of solutes, heat, and soil particles is confined to this zone. Estimates of characteristic drainage times from the polygon center are consistent with published field observations

Early Energy Deficit in Huntington Disease: Identification of a Plasma Biomarker Traceable during Disease Progression

Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, with no effective treatment. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying HD have not been elucidated, but weight loss, associated with chorea and cognitive decline, is a characteristic feature of the disease that is accessible to investigation. We, therefore, performed a multiparametric study exploring body weight and the mechanisms of its loss in 32 presymptomatic carriers and HD patients in the early stages of the disease, compared to 21 controls. We combined this study with a multivariate statistical analysis of plasma components quantified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. We report evidence of an early hypermetabolic state in HD. Weight loss was observed in the HD group even in presymptomatic carriers, although their caloric intake was higher than that of controls. Inflammatory processes and primary hormonal dysfunction were excluded. 1H NMR spectroscopy on plasma did, however, distinguish HD patients at different stages of the disease and presymptomatic carriers from controls. This distinction was attributable to low levels of the branched chain amino acids (BCAA), valine, leucine and isoleucine. BCAA levels were correlated with weight loss and, importantly, with disease progression and abnormal triplet repeat expansion size in the HD1 gene. Levels of IGF1, which is regulated by BCAA, were also significantly lower in the HD group. Therefore, early weight loss in HD is associated with a systemic metabolic defect, and BCAA levels may be used as a biomarker, indicative of disease onset and early progression. The decreased plasma levels of BCAA may correspond to a critical need for Krebs cycle energy substrates in the brain that increased metabolism in the periphery is trying to provide

Schinia unimacula Smith Revised Status 1891

Schinia unimacula Smith Revised Status (Figs. 4­6, 9­10, 12­13) Schinia unimacula Smith 1891:126. Smith 1893:276. Dyar 1903:188. Barnes and McDunnough 1917:39. McDunnough 1938:105. Todd 1982:219. Franclemont and Todd 1983:159. Poole 1989:898. Poole and Gentili 1996:772. Hardwick 1996:183 [synonym]. Schima [sic] coolidgei Hill 1924:185. McDunnough 1938:105 [synonym]. Franclemont and Todd 1983:159 [synonym]. Poole 1989:893 [synonym]. Poole and Gentili 1996:772 [synonym]. Hardwick 1996:183 [synonym]. Diagnosis. Schinia unimacula has a straight median band with a wide white area between the basal and median bands. The subterminal band consists of a distinct subapical spot, then becomes faint medially and more distinct on posterior margin. Reniform spot large and distinct. The male genitalia has a long and thin uncus and narrow valve with gently curved costal margin. The female papillae anales have a pointed apex. Large and numerous setae are present along the posterior margin of the seventh tergite. Description. Male genitalia (Figs. 9­10): Uncus short (0.39 X vavle length), thinner basally becoming broader toward apex. Valve elongate (length 8.1 X width), costal margin gently curved; ampulla elongate (0.10 X valve length); corona at apical 5% of valve length; sacculus well developed and 35% of valve length, distal margin not distinct and blends into valve. Aedoeagus slightly curved; vesica with 2 1/2 coils and minute spicules. Female genitalia (Fig. 12): Papillae anales triangulate, apex pointed. Eighth segment with fine spicules. Seventh segment with many large, robust setae in a row along distal margin; remainder of segment devoid of setae. Ductus bursae moderately elongate. Appendix bursae coiled. Corpus bursae ovate; signa composed of 4 scobinate bars. Type material. Schinia unimacula, lectotype male, in USNM designated by Todd (1982). Label data: 1) Colo, Bruce (hand written in black ink); 2) Schinia unimacula Type Smith (hand written in black ink); 3) Type No. 33719 USNM [red label]; 4) Col. B. Neumögen; 5) LECTOTYPE, Schinia unimacula Smith; 6) USNM ENT 00143255 [bar code]. Schinia coolidgei, holotype male, in USNM. Label data: (1) Jacumba, 9. 28. 24, No. (Hand written in pencil); (2) HOLOTYPE male, Schinia coolidgei Hill, Jacumba Cal., E. Piazza, Sept 28­24 (hand written in black ink), HILL Collection (printed); (3) Barnes Collection (printed in red); (4) USNM ENT 00143256 [bar code]. Larval host plant. Hardwick (1996) describes the life history and larvae of S. unimacula from the Mohave Desert in southern California where the larvae feed on Ericameria paniculata (A. Gray) Rydb. In the Great Basin the larvae presumably feed on E. nauseosa (Pallas) Briton (Hardwick 1996). We plotted the host plant distribution of E. paniculata (Fig. 13, dark shading) and it does not occur in the Mojave Desert of southern California as stated by Hardwick (1996), but it coincides with specimens collected in southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. The host plant distribution of E. nauseosa nauseosa (Fig. 13, light shading) more closely coincides with the broader distribution of S. unimacula. Further field studies should be conducted to confirm these larval hosts as well as those in Oregon, Washington, and northern Idaho. Flight period. End of July to early October with most records in August. Distribution (Fig. 13). From central Arizona and New Mexico, north to Colorado, southwestern Wyoming and Utah, west to Nevada and California, and north to Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Material Examined. Specimens were examined from the following states and counties: ARIZONA: Mohave Co. CALIFORNIA: Inyo Co., Kern Co., Los Angeles Co., Modoc Co., Mono Co., Riverside Co., San Bernardino Co., San Diego Co., Tuolumne Co., Ventura Co. COLORADO: Adams Co., Alamosa Co., Arapahoe Co., Baca Co., Boulder Co., Denver Co., El Paso Co., Fremont Co., Huerfano Co., Jefferson Co., Kit Carson Co., La Plata Co., Larimer Co., Lincoln Co., Mesa Co., Moffat Co., Montezuma Co., Otero Co., Weld Co. IDAHO: Bonner Co. NEVADA: Clark Co., Eureka Co., Lander Co., Lincoln Co., Nye Co., Washoe Co. NEW MEXICO: Bernalillo Co. OREGON: Deschutes Co., Harney Co., Jefferson Co., Klamath Co. UTAH: Beaver Co., Daggett Co., Eureka Co., Garfield Co., Juab Co., Kane Co., Rich Co., San Juan Co., Sanpete Co., Sevier Co., Toole Co, Unitah Co., Utah Co., Washington Co. WASHINGTON: Okanogan Co. WYOMING: Lincoln Co., Uintah Co. Discussion. The forewing maculation of unimacula can approach that of obliqua, but the shape of the papillae anales is diagnostic. Forewing maculation seems to be darker and more contrasting in some Colorado specimens than those throughout the rest of the range. The discal spot in the hindwing can be present or absent and the marginal band is faint to almost absent. The holotype of coolidgei is a slightly more heavily marked individual than is typical of unimacula. The female paratype is typical of unimacula. Schinia unimacula is widespread through western United States, approaching the range of S. obliqua only in the southeastern portion of its range, so in most areas the species can be identified by distribution alone.Published as part of Pogue, Michael G. & Harp, Charles E., 2003, Revised status of Schinia unimacula Smith including morphological comparisons with Schinia obliqua Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 226 (1) on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.226.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/501467

Schinia obliqua Smith

Schinia obliqua Smith (Figs. 1­3, 7­8, 11, 13) Schinia obliqua Smith 1883:229 Smith 1893:276. Dyar 1903:188. Barnes and McDunnough 1917:39. McDunnough 1938:105. Todd 1982:154. Franclemont and Todd 1983:159. Poole 1989:896. Poole and Gentili 1996:772. Hardwick 1996:183 [syn.: S. unimacula Smith, S. coolidgei Hill] Diagnosis. Maculation: Forewing of obliqua has distinct, basal, median, and subterminal bands that are light brown to grayish olive in coloration. The median band is sinnuate around the reniform spot. The subterminal band is constricted opposite the reniform spot and can be contiguous or separate at this point. In unimacula the bands are less distinct, and the median band is straighter, resulting in a larger white area between the basal and median bands (Figs. 4­6). The subterminal band in unimacula is represented by a distinct subapical spot with the remainder of the band faint, becoming more distinct towards the posterior forewing margin. The reniform spot is usually larger and better developed in unimacula than in obliqua. Male genitalia: The uncus is longer and thinner in unimacula than in obliqua. The costal valve margin is gently curved in unimacula and distinctly angulate toward the apex in obliqua; the valve is narrower in unimacula than in obliqua; and the corona has fewer, stouter setae in unimacula than in obliqua. The saccus in unimacula is only slightly wider than in obliqua. Female genitalia: The papillae anales apex is pointed in unimacula and broadly rounded in obliqua, which can easily be seen without dissection. The setae on the distal margin of the seventh segment are large and numerous in unimacula and are weak and fewer in obliqua; smaller setae occur sparsely over the rest of the segment in obliqua, but are absent in unimacula. Description. Male genitalia (Figs. 7­8): Uncus short (0.28 X valve length), robust. Valve elongate (length 7.5 X width), costal margin angulate at approximately 85% of length; ampulla short (0.04 X valve length); corona at apical 10% of valve length; sacculus well developed and 25% of valve length, dorsal margin distinct. Aedoeagus slightly curved; vesica with 2 coils and minute spicules. Female genitalia (Fig. 11): Papillae anales broadly triangulate, apex broadly rounded. Seventh segment with weak, elongate setae in a row along distal margin; smaller setae sparsely scattered on remainder of segment. Eighth segment with fine spicules. Ductus bursae moderately elongate. Appendix bursae coiled. Corpus bursae ovate; signa composed of 4 scobinate bars. Type material. Lectotype male, in USNM designated by Todd (1982). Label data: (1) S. obliqua Smith (handwritten in black ink); (2) Collection J.B. Smith; (3) Type No. 288 USNM [red label]; (4) male genitalia on slide, Nov. 29, 1937, JFGC # 1382; (5) Genitalia slide male, JFGC, USNM 40062; (6) LECTOTYPE, Schinia obliqua Smith; (7) USNM ENT 00143254 [bar code]. Larval host plant. Unknown. Flight period. July through September. Distribution (Fig. 13). Western Texas, southwestern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. Material Examined. Specimens were examined from the following states and counties: ARIZONA: Apache Co., Cochise Co., Graham Co., Maricopa Co., Pima Co., Santa Cruz Co. NEW MEXICO: Luna Co. TEXAS: Brewster Co., Jeff Davis Co. Discussion. The intensity and color of the forewing bands are variable. The small black spots at the ends of the cells along the outer margin can be present or absent. The hindwing can be almost immaculate to quite well marked with a distinct discal spot and marginal band.Published as part of Pogue, Michael G. & Harp, Charles E., 2003, Revised status of Schinia unimacula Smith including morphological comparisons with Schinia obliqua Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), pp. 1-8 in Zootaxa 226 (1) on pages 2-4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.226.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/501467

Schinia rufocostulata Pogue and Harp, new species

<i>Schinia rufocostulata</i> Pogue and Harp, new species <p>(Figs. 14–15, 20, 25, 34–35, 44–45, 49)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Schinia rufocostulata</i> is distinct from the other species in this group by possessing the bright rufous fascia and the more extensive rufous apical patch in the forewing. The black spots along the outer margin of the forewing are present in <i>ciliata,</i> but absent in <i>rufocostulata.</i> The underside of the forewing is mostly gray in <i>ciliata</i> and cream in <i>rufocostulata</i>. The labial palps are shorter than in <i>ciliata.</i></p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Male. <i>Head:</i> Frons cream, ventral lip produced (Fig. 20); vertex rufous; labial palp short, barely extends beyond frons, cream; eyes large and globular. <i>Thorax:</i> Scales wide, rufous; forefemur cream, slightly dark at apex, long fringe white; tibia cream, largest spine on inner side slender, round, 2 very slender spines dorsal to it, outer side with 2 slender spines and 1–2 very slender spines that become progressively shorter proximally; tarsi pale cinnamon with white apical rings; middle femur pale cinnamon; tibia pale cinnamon with cream apical rings; tarsi slightly darker than tibia with cream apical rings; hind femur cream; tibia pale cream; tarsi pale cream; underside white. <i>Forewing:</i> Length 9.06–10.04, mean 9.56 + 0.58 mm (n=5). Ground color shiny white; basal patch cinnamon to rufous, usually a shade lighter than thorax; median band narrow with slightly curved margins, rufous; reniform spot round, concolorous with median band, narrowly contiguous with median band; terminal band white, with large rufous area encompassing apex and extending down costa almost to median band and down outer margin approximately 4/5 length, a distinct white apical spot, black spots at outer margin absent; short scales of fringe concolorous with rufous terminal patch, long hairs rufous at apex, rest white; underside cream with pale cinnamon along costa and near apex. <i>Hindwing:</i> Ground color shiny white; marginal band faint, pale cinnamon, widest at apex becoming absent toward anal angle; fringe white. <i>Abdomen:</i> Shiny tannish­white; scent pockets and hair pencils on second sternite absent. <i>Genitalia</i> (Figs. 34–35): Uncus elongate, approximately 0.33 times length of valve, apex blunt with small hook; valve moderately elongate (length approximately 8.3 X width), costal margin gently curved, posterior margin angulate at 2/3 length, apex round; ampulla short (0.02 length of valve); corona with stout spines; sacculus with ventral margin produced; juxta rectangular, height greater than width, ventral margin Ushaped and more sclerotized than rest of juxta; saccus V­shaped; aedoeagus slightly curved, dorsodistal third with fine spines; vesica uninflated.</p> <p> Female. As in male except forewing length 9.72–9.86, 9.79 + 0.10 mm (n=2). <i>Genitalia</i> (Figs. 44–45): Papilla analis an elongate triangle, apex round; posterior apophysis approximately 0.78 X anterior apophysis; ductus bursae membranous, elongate; appendix bursae shorter than corpus bursae, with 2 1/2 coils; corpus bursae ovate; signa 4 scobinate bars.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> HOLOTYPE: Ψ, Texas, Brewster Co., Dugout Wells, Big Bend National Park, 27 Aug. 1965, A. & M. E. Blanchard, USNM ENT 0 0 220615, genitalia slide USNM 48031. Deposited in USNM.</p> <p> <b>Biology.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> The specific epithet, <i>rufocostulata,</i> describes the unique character of the rufous terminal band extending down costa almost to the median band.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b> (Fig. 49). Known only from the type locality in southwestern Texas.</p> <p> <b>Material Examined.</b> All specimens are from the National Museum of Natural History (USNM) collection except as noted. PARATYPES: Two males same locality and date as Holotype, ɗ genitalia slide USNM 48030, 7 Aug. 1964 (1ɗ), 13 Sep. 1971 (1ɗ), 13 Sep. 1971 (1ɗ), A. and M. E. Blanchard; 4 Sep. 1982 (1ɗ), 13 Sep. 1982 (1Ψ), E. C. Knudson (ECK).</p> <p> <b>Discussion.</b> <i>Schinia rufocostulata</i> is known only from the type locality of Dugout Wells, in Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co., Texas. The apical area of the forewing is distinct in <i>rufocostulata</i> by having the rufous color of the terminal band extending down costa almost to the median band. This character is lacking in <i>ciliata</i>. The specimens show no variation in the median band color as in <i>ciliata</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Pogue, Michael G. & Harp, And Charles E., 2005, Systematics of Schinia chrysellus (Grote) complex: Revised status of Schinia alencis (Harvey) with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 898</i> on pages 21-22, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/170951">10.5281/zenodo.170951</a&gt

Schinia chrysellus

Key to species of the Schinia chrysellus complex 1. Forewing with reniform spot mostly incorporated into median band (Figs. 4–9)....... 2 1 ’. Forewing with reniform spot barely coalesced or separate from median band (Figs. 10–15).......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Ventral lip of frons greatly produced, labial palp barely extending past frons (Fig. 16); foretibial claws flat, apices rounded (Fig. 21); apex of forewing lacking a small black patch of scales that extends onto fringe ......................................................... chrysellus 2 ’. Ventral lip of frons produced, labial palp projecting well beyond frons (Fig. 17); foretibial claws round, slender, apices pointed (Fig. 22); apex of forewing with a small black patch of scales that extends onto fringe ........................................... chryselloides 3. Forewing with a wide median band (width approximately 25 % of forewing length) (Figs. 10–11); reniform spot either separate or barely coalesced with median band (Figs. 10–11); scales on thorax narrow overlaying wide scales; foretibial claws flat with rounded apices (Fig. 23) .............................................................................. alencis 3 ’. Forewing with a narrow median band (width approximately 15 % of forewing length) (Figs. 12–15); reniform spot barely coalesced with median band (Figs. 12–15); scales on thorax wide, no narrow scales; foretibial claws slender with pointed apices (Figs. 21 –22, 24– 25).............................................................................................................. 4 4. Median band of forewing tan to rufous, variously infused with black scales (Figs. 12– 13); thorax dark rufous, not concolorous with median band ................................ ciliata 4 ’. Median band of forewing bright cinnamon­rufous, lacking black scales (Figs. 14–15); thorax concolorous with median band ...................................................... rufocostulataPublished as part of Pogue, Michael G. & Harp, And Charles E., 2005, Systematics of Schinia chrysellus (Grote) complex: Revised status of Schinia alencis (Harvey) with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 898 on pages 3-4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17095

Schinia chryselloides Pogue and Harp, new species

Schinia chryselloides Pogue and Harp new species (Figs. 1 ­2, 7–9, 17, 22, 28–29, 37, 40, 47) Diagnosis. Schinia chryselloides is most closely related to S. chrysellus, based on the virtually identical forewing maculation. The only difference is the black scaling at the apex of the forewing in chryselloides, which is absent in chrysellus. The best way to separate these two species is by the size of the ventral projection of the frons and size of the labial palps. In chrysellus this projection is very broad and quite produced and the labial palps are reduced and barely extend beyond the frons (Fig. 16); in chryselloides the projection is narrower, less produced, and the labial palps project well beyond the frons (Fig. 17). The foretibial claws are round in chryselloides (Fig. 22) and flat in chrysellus (Fig. 21). In the male genitalia the vesica has 2 1 / 2 coils in chrysellus (Fig. 27) and 3 coils in chryselloides (Fig. 29). In the female genitalia the papillae analis is an elongate, curved triangle with a pointed apex in chrysellus (Fig. 39); and in chryselloides it is a broad triangle with a narrowly rounded apex (Fig. 40). The papillae analis is usually sticking out of the abdomen in the females, so dissection is not necessary to observe this character. Description. Male. Head: Frons white to cream, ventral projection moderately produced (Fig. 17); vertex light brown; labial palp long, extends beyond frons, white; eyes large and globular. Thorax: Scales wide, light brown; forefemur with dorsal and inner surface light brownish­gray, outer surface white becoming light brownish­gray apically; tibia with proximal half light brownish­gray and distal half white, largest spine on inner side round robust, 2–3 slender spines dorsal to it, outer side with 4 robust round spines that become progressively shorter proximally; tarsi light brownish­gray with white apical rings; middle femur with dorsal and inner surface light brownish­gray, outer surface white becoming light brownish­gray apically; tibia light brownish­gray with white apical ring; tarsi light brownish­gray with white apical rings; hind femur white; tibia white; basitarsus white, rest tan with white apical rings; underside white. Forewing: Length 9.2–12.83, mean 11.21 + 1.21 mm (n= 12). Ground color shiny white; basal patch light brown; median band light brown with darker brown scales interspersed, edged with black, irregularly shaped; reniform spot incorporated into median band and produced toward apex; terminal band with white apex bordered by light brown proximally, a few rufous scales becoming light brown to approximately 2 / 3 length, rest white, proximal margin jagged; small black spots between wing veins; fringe with short scales at apex black, becoming light brown toward tornus, longer scales white; underside gray, subapical and apical patch white, variably distinct white band at approximately 2 / 3 length below end of discal cell, white spots between veins along margin. Hindwing: Ground color shiny white; marginal band light gray, lacking a well­defined inner margin; fringe white. Abdomen: Dorsum white with some scattered light brown scales, distal border of sternites cream, ventrum white; scent pockets and hair pencils on second sternite absent. Genitalia (Figs. 28–29): Uncus elongate, approximately 0.3 times length of valve, apex blunt with small hook; valve moderate to elongate (length approximately 6.7–9.1 X width), costal margin gently curved, posterior margin angulate at 2 / 3 length, apex round; ampulla minute (0.01 length of valve); corona with stout spines; sacculus with ventral margin produced; juxta rectangular, height greater than width, ventral margin U­shaped and more sclerotized than rest of juxta; saccus Vshaped; aedoeagus slightly curved, dorsodistal third with fine spines; vesica emerging ventrally, basal diverticulum present, 3 coils; cornuti finely scobinate. Female. As in male except forewing length 10.0– 12.83, 11.55 + 0.98 mm (n= 11). Genitalia (Figs. 37, 40): Papilla analis a broad triangle, apex narrowly rounded; posterior apophysis approximately 0.65–0.75 X length of anterior apophysis; ductus bursae membranous, elongate; appendix bursae shorter than corpus bursae, with 1 1 / 2 coils; corpus bursae ovate; signa 4 scobinate bars. Type material. HOLOTYPE: Ψ, Colorado, Elbert Co., Elizabeth, lights of new grocery mall,> 11 pm., 39 ° 21 ’ 39 ” N, 104 ° 36 ’ 37 ” W, June 24, 2000, 6341 ft., leg: Chuck & M. J. Harp, USNM ENT 0 0 220214. Deposited in USNM. Biology. Adult emergence coincides with host plant blooming in early June in western Oklahoma and mid to late June on the plains of eastern Colorado. Records from south­central New Mexico show flight in early July. Specimens from western and central Texas and southeastern Colorado show flights from August to September, suggesting a partial second brood or a late corresponding bloom. Females oviposit on pre­bloom buds of Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners var. nana (Gray) Semple (Asteraceae) (Figs. 1–2). Heterotheca villosa var. nana, or hairy false goldenaster, is a weedy perennial forb that can be plentiful on cobbly soils of the plains from western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming to the central plains of Texas, west to New Mexico and northeastern Arizona. Soils are usually mixed with sandy loams of gypsum and bentonite origins. Adult female chryselloides lay their eggs on buds and open flowers at dusk and can be seen flying among the low plants in open areas through the evening hours until dark. The larval biology is unknown. Schinia chryselloides flies with the first brood of Schinia meadi (Grote) in areas adjacent to sandy washes, but generally flies earlier than other species in the chrysellus group. Specimens collected in August fly with S. ciliata, S. tertia (Grote), S. grandimedia Hardwick, S. citrinella (Grote & Robinson), S. mortua Grote, S. cumatilis (Grote), S. reniformis Smith, second brood S. meadi, S. jaguarina (Guenée), S. errans Smith, S. siren (Strecker), S. lynx (Guenée), S. coercita (Grote), and S. unimacula Smith (southeastern Colorado). The host plant distribution (Fig. 47) is a relatively good fit except for adult records from southern Arizona and southern Texas. Distribution (Fig. 47). In Colorado from the base of the foothills in Jefferson Co. east to Lincoln Co., in extreme southeastern Colorado, south to southeastern Socorro Co., New Mexico, and east to the southeastern panhandle of Texas and extreme southern Texas. Material Examined. All specimens are from the National Museum of Natural History collection except as noted. PARATYPES: U.S.A.: COLORADO: [No specific locality], (1 Ψ), genitalia slide USNM 46940, Barnes Collection, (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ) Oslar. ARAPAHOE CO. Byers, 16 Jul. 1996 (2 Ψ) R.S. Peigler (DMNS); Cherry Creek State Park, 17 Jun. 1997, A.D. Warren (ADW). BACA CO. Picture Canyon, Comanche National Grasslands, sw Campo, 25 Aug. 2002 (7 ɗ, 1 Ψ), ɗ genitalia USNM slide 47104, Ψ genitalia slide USNM 47110, Ψ genitalia slide USNM 47105, M.G. Pogue & C.E. Harp; Picture Canyon, N of Picnic Area, sw Campo, 4282 ft., 25 Aug. 2002 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), M.G. Pogue & C.E. Harp. DEN­ VER CO. Denver, (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), W. Schaus Coll. DOUGLAS CO. Sedalia, 5850 ft., July 1962 (1 Ψ) (CSU); Franktown, Hwy. # 86 at Hwy. #83, 30 Jun. 2002 at lights (1 Ψ), C. Harp (CEH). ELBERT CO. Elizabeth, lights of new grocery mall, 6341 ft., 24 June 2000 (11 ɗ, 5 Ψ), ɗ genitalia slides MGP 1147 ­ 8, C. & M. J. Harp, 24 June 2002 (2 ɗ, 11 Ψ), C. Harp (CEH); Elizabeth, Hwy. # 86, lights of Safeway grocery store, 6341 ft., 30 June 2002 (3 ɗ, 2 Ψ), Ψ genitalia slide MGP 1149, C. Harp (CEH). JEFFERSON CO. Golden, Chimney Gulch, 28 Aug. 1908 (1 Ψ), Oslar; Littleton, Stony Creek Addition open park, 6230 ft., 12 Aug. 1999 (1 ɗ), C. Harp (CEH). LINCOLN CO. Limon, s of Hwy. I­ 70 at exit # 361 at gas station lights, 5356 ft. elev., 11 Jul. 2002 (1 Ψ), C. Harp (CEH). NEW MEXICO: VALENCIA CO. sw of Becker, roadside along Hwy. # 47 at 5219 ft.elev., 8 Aug. 2002 on Heterotheca villosa (1 Ψ), C. Harp (CEH). OKLAHOMA: BEAVER CO. Beaver River WMA at blacklight, 6 June 1993 (1 Ψ), J.M. Nelson (ORU). CIMARRON CO. Black Mesa State Park at mercury vapor light, 24 Aug. 2004 (1 Ψ), M.G. Pogue & C.E. Harp (CEH). JACKSON CO. Rt. # 6 at the Red River at blacklight, 30 August 2002 (1 Ψ), J.M. Nelson (ORU). JEFFERSON CO. 4 mi n of Waurika, along Hwy. 6 at Beaver Crk., 882 ft. elev., 18 Aug. 2004 (1 Ψ), M. Garhart & C. Harp (CEH). TILLMAN CO. Lake Frederick at blacklight, 9 June 2003 (1 Ψ), J.M. Nelson (ORU). TEXAS: CAMERON CO. Laguna Atascosa, 25 Sep. 1973 (1 ɗ), A. & M.E. Blanchard. COTTLE CO. Paducah, 19 Aug. 1971 (3 ɗ), A. & M.E. Blanchard. HEMPHILL CO. Gene Howe Wildlife Management Area, 18 May 1985 (1 ɗ), E.C. Knudson (ECK). JEFF DAVIS CO. Davis Mtns. State Park, 14–17 Aug. 1982 (1 ɗ), T.P. Friedlander (TAMU); W. of Ft. Davis on SR 118, Limpia Canyon, 17 Aug. 1974 (1 Ψ), H. Greenbaum (TAMU). Paratypes deposited in CNC and BMNH. Etymology: The suffix – oides, meaning likeness, was added to the root of chrysellus to show its close relationship with that species. Discussion. We selected a female as the holotype, because the genitalia are easily differentiated between chryselloides and chrysellus. There is some variation in the color of the forewing maculation. Some specimens have more rufous in the median band and less black scaling in the terminal area.Published as part of Pogue, Michael G. & Harp, And Charles E., 2005, Systematics of Schinia chrysellus (Grote) complex: Revised status of Schinia alencis (Harvey) with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 898 on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17095

Schinia alencis (Harvy) Revised Status

Schinia alencis (Harvy) Revised Status (Figs. 10 –11, 18, 23, 30–31, 38, 41, 48) Tricopis alencis Harvey 1875: 117.— Hardwick 1996: 189 [synonym of chrysellus]. Tricopis aleucis auth., misspelling; Grote 1875: 18.— Grote 1882: 35.— Grote 1883: 153.— Grote 1890: 37.— Grote 1895: 67. Schinia aleucis auth, misspelling; Smith 1891: 54.— Smith 1893: 275.— Dyar 1903: 188. — Barnes and McDunnough 1917: 39.— McDunnough 1938: 105. Schinia alencis; Franclemont and Todd 1983: 159.— Poole 1989: 892.— Poole and Gentili 1996: 771. Diagnosis. Schinia alencis can be separated from S. chrysellus by the form of the median band in the forewing, which has jagged, irregular margins in alencis (Figs. 10–11) and is less irregular in chrysellus (Figs. 4–5). The reniform spot is either just contiguous or separate from the median band in alencis, but is more absorbed by the median band and never separate in chrysellus. The ventral projection of the frons is more produced in chrysellus (Fig. 16) than in alencis (Fig. 18). In the female genitalia the papillae analis is straight to slightly curved in alencis (Fig. 41) and is obviously curved in chrysellus (Fig. 39). Description. Male. Head: Frons white, ventral lip moderately produced (Fig. 18); vertex white; labial palp long, extends beyond frons, white; eyes large and globular. Thorax: Narrow scales overlaying wide scales, white to light brown; forefemur with dorsal and inner surface tan, outer surface white becoming light tan apically; tibia white with some tan scales medially, largest spine on inner side flat, 2 slender spines dorsal to it, outer side with 4 flat spines that become progressively shorter proximally; tarsi tan with white apical rings on dorsal surface, ventral surface white; middle femur with dorsal surface cream, ventral surface white; tibia cream with white apical ring; tarsi tan with white apical rings; hind femur white; tibia white to tan; tarsi tan with white apical rings; underside white. Forewing: Length 9.72–11.75, mean 10.86 + 0.63 mm (n= 11). Ground color shiny white; basal patch tan to brown; median band broad with wavy margins, light brown to brown and variably over scaled with brown to black; reniform spot round, concolorous with median band, can be variously ringed with black scales, can be contiguous or separate from median band; terminal band broad, tan, subapical spot white, an irregular white vertical band from middle to tornus, black spots at margin between veins with largest at apex and become progressively smaller toward tornus with most never reaching tornus; fringe with short scales concolorous with terminal band, longer scales white, a few black scales at apex; underside gray, subapical and apical patch white, variably distinct white band at approximately 2 / 3 length below end of discal cell, white along posterior margin. Hindwing: Ground color shiny white; marginal band pale grayish­tan, lacking a well­defined inner margin; fringe white. Abdomen: White, distal border of sternites cream; scent pockets and hair pencils on second sternite absent. Genitalia (Figs. 30–31): Uncus elongate, approximately 0.3–0.35 times length of valve, apex blunt with small hook; valve elongate (length approximately 8.3–9.1 X width), costal margin gently curved, posterior margin angulate at 2 / 3 length, apex round; ampulla short to long (0.02–0.06 length of valve); corona with stout spines; sacculus with ventral margin produced; juxta rectangular, height greater than width, ventral margin U­shaped and more sclerotized than rest of juxta; saccus V­shaped; aedoeagus slightly curved, dorsodistal third with fine spines; vesica emerging ventrally, basal diverticulum present, 2 1 / 2 coils; cornuti finely scobinate. Female. As in male except forewing length 9.86–11.61, 10.84 + 0.54 mm (n= 11). Genitalia (Figs. 38, 41): Papilla analis a slightly curved elongate triangle, apex pointed; posterior apophysis approximately 0.81–0.89 X length of anterior apophysis; ductus bursae membranous, elongate; appendix bursae shorter than corpus bursae, with 2 1 / 2 coils; corpus bursae ovate; signa 4 scobinate bars. Type material. Tricopis alencis (Harvey): Male holotype is in BMNH. Type locality: Texas. A genitalic dissection of the holotype is labelled BMNH 650. Type examined. Biology. The life history of Schinia alencis is poorly understood. The larval host plant for S. alencis is suspected to be Heterotheca canescens (DC.) Shinners (Asteraceae), because a female was observed on immature blooms of this plant at Ft. Sill, Comanche Co., Oklamoha in August 2003. Heterotheca canescens, or hoary false goldenaster, is found on prairies, open hills, and roadsides over much of the same range as alencis, and grows in red, brown, or black sandy calcareous clay soils, igneous soils, and sandy gypsiferous loamy soils over its distribution (Semple 1996). Hoary false goldenaster occurs at several of the same localities as Schinia alencis in Oklahoma, Kansas, and New Mexico. This host plant association needs to be confirmed by larval rearings. Schinia alencis flies with chrysellus in southwestern Oklahoma and central Kansas, but flies with Schinia ciliata in northeastern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. The distribution of this host corresponds with the known collecting localities of S. alencis, except for moth records in central and southern New Mexico (Fig. 48). Distribution (Fig. 48). From southeastern Colorado to southeastern Arizona east to western Oklahoma, northern Texas to southwestern and southeastern Texas. Material Examined. All specimens are from the National Museum of Natural History (USNM) collection except as noted. U.S.A.: ARIZONA: COCHISE CO. Paradise, 1– 7 July (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), Ψ genitalia slide USNM 47108, Barnes Coll. COLORADO: [No specific locality] (3 Ψ, 1 ɗ), Bruce. BACA CO. Picture Canyon, n of Picnic Area, sw of Campo, 4282 ft., 26 Aug. 2002 (1 Ψ), genitalia slide USNM 47106, M.G. Pogue & C.E. Harp; Picture Canyon at parking area, 4255 ft., 29 Aug. 2002 (1 Ψ), C. Harp (CEH); S end of Springfield, Hwy. 385 /287, 4409 ft., 26 Aug. 2002 (1 ɗ), genitalia slide USNM 47107, M.G. Pogue & C.E. Harp, 28 Aug. 2002 (1 Ψ), C. Harp (CEH). KANSAS: RILEY CO. Manhattan, campus of Kansas State University, 20–25 Sep. 20 –25, 2003 (1 Ψ), J. Matlevski (KSU). NEW MEXICO: [No specific locality], southern, 23–30 Aug. (2 Ψ), 1–10 Sep. (1 Ψ), Poling. EDDY CO. White City, 16 Sep. 1963 (1 Ψ), A. & M.E. Blanchard. LUNA CO. Deming, 1– 7 July (3 ɗ, 2 Ψ), Barnes Coll., no date (2 Ψ). OTERO CO. High Rolls, Sep. (1 ɗ). UNION CO. Clayton, 29 Aug. 1964 (1 Ψ). QUAY CO. San Jon, 12 Sep. 2003 (1 ɗ) C. Harp (CEH). TORRANCE CO. Gran Quivera, 10 Aug. 1994 (1 Ψ) D.E. Bowman (CSU). UNION CO. Clayton, 29 Aug. 1964 (1 Ψ). OKLAHOMA: COMANCHE CO. Ft. Sill, Lawton, CSU study site, West Range, 17–18 Aug. 2003 @ blacklight, M. Garhart & C. Harp, (1 ɗ) (CSU). COTTON CO. 2 mi w of Walters, along Hwy. # 53 at 1008 ft. elev., 18 Aug. 2003 at building lights, (1 Ψ) M. Garhart & C. Harp (CEH). JEFFERSON CO. Ryan at blacklight, 3 Sep. 1993 (3 Ψ), J.M. Nelson (ORU). STEPHENS CO., Lake Fuqua at blacklight, 29 Aug. 1993 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), J.M. Nelson (ORU). TEXAS CO. Lake Optima at blacklight, 5 Sep. 1993 (1 Ψ), J.M. Nelson (ORU). TEXAS: [No specific locality], (2 ɗ) Barnes Coll., (1 ɗ) Brooklyn Mus. Coll., (2 ɗ, 1 Ψ) G.D. Hulst, (1 ɗ) O. Meske, (3 Ψ). BAS­ TROP CO. Bastrop State Park, 28 Sep. 1964 (1 Ψ), A. & M.E. Blanchard. BEXAR CO. San Antonio, (1 Ψ). BOSQUE CO. Clifton, (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), Belfrage. BRAZOS CO. College Station, 20 Sep. 1978 (1 ɗ), 12 Oct. 1978 (1 Ψ), R.S. Peigler, 4 Oct. 1928 (1 Ψ), S.E. Jones (TAMU). BREWSTER CO. Alpine, 8–14 July 1926 (2 ɗ), 22–31 Aug. 1926 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), 1–7 Sep. 1926 (1 ɗ, 2 Ψ), 8–14 Sep. 1926 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), O.C. Poling, 9 Sep. 1963 (1 ɗ), 11 Sep. 1963 (2 Ψ), 12 Sep. 1963 (1 ɗ), 14 Sep. 1963 (1 Ψ), genitalia slide USNM 47113, 18 Sep. 1963 (2 ɗ, 2 Ψ), A. & M.E. Blanchard; Alpine, Davis Mountains, 1 Sep. 1958 (1 Ψ), 2 Sep. 1958 (3 ɗ), 3 Sep. 1960 (1 Ψ), 10 Sep. 1958 (5 ɗ), R.R. McElvare; 10 mi S Alpine, Davis Mountains, 6 Sep. 1960 (1 ɗ, 4 Ψ), R.R. McElvare; Big Bend National Park, Gov. Spring, 23 Sep. 1963 (1 ɗ), genitalia slide USNM 47109, A. & M.E. Blanchard; Big Bend National Park, Oak Spring, 26 Aug. 1965 (1 Ψ), A. & M.E. Blanchard. BURNET CO. Shovel Mountain, (1 Ψ), Barnes Coll. CHAMBERS CO. Black Jack Springs, (1 ɗ). CHILDRESS CO. 10 mi n of Childress, 31 Aug. 1996, C.W. Bordelon (CWB). COTTLE CO. Paducah, 8 Sep. 1966 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), A. & M.E. Blanchard. CULBERSON CO. Guadalupe Mts. National Park, Ship on Desert, 6–8 Sep. 1991 (1 ɗ), E.C. Knudson (TAMU), (1 ɗ), (AMNH). EL PASO CO. Hueco Tanks State Park, 23 Sep. 1995 (1 ɗ), E.C. Knudson (ECK), 19 Sep. 1998 (1 Ψ), R.D. Worthington (UTEP), Franklin Mts., Bajada 740 Tepic at 4000 ft. elev., 1 Aug. 1997 (1 Ψ), R.D. Worthington (UTEP). HUDSPETH CO. Sierra Blanca, J.K. Adams (JKA). LA SALLE CO. Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, 29–30 Sep. 1989 (3 Ψ), J. Schaffner (TAMU). KERR CO. Kerrville, no date (1 ɗ), 21 Sep. 1906 (1 ɗ), F.C. Pratt, Sep. 1902 (1 Ψ) H. Lacy, Sep. 1902 (1 Ψ), Sep. 1904 (1 Ψ), no date (4 ɗ, 7 Ψ), Barnes Coll., 10 Sep (1 ɗ), H. Lacey (UCB); Mountain Home, 22 Sep. 1906 (1 Ψ), F.C. Pratt. KLEBURG CO. Kingsville, J.K. Adams (JKA). MONTAGUE CO. [No specific locality], 5 Aug. 1940 (1 ɗ), 25 Aug. 1940 (1 ɗ), 29 Aug. 1940 (1 ɗ, 1 Ψ), 1 Sep. 1940 (2 ɗ, 1 Ψ); 8 mi s Forestburg, 11 Sep. 1940 (1 Ψ) (USNM), 11 Sep. 1949 (1 Ψ), L.H. Birdwell (UCD). POTTER CO. Amarillo, 12 Aug. 1977 (1 Ψ), R.E. Howard (BYU). RANDALL CO. Palo Duro Canyon State Park, 11 Sep. 1966 (1 Ψ), A. & M.E. Blanchard. UVALDE CO. Garner State Park, 6 Oct. 1984 (1 ɗ), E.C. Knudson (ECK); Sabinal, 5 Sep. 1910 (2 Ψ), 10 Sep. 1910 (1 ɗ), Oct. 1910 (1 Ψ), F.C. Pratt. VAL VERDE CO. Del Rio, 4 Oct. 1994 (1 Ψ), E.C. Knudson (ECK). Discussion. Hardwick (1996) gave no explanation for synonymizing S. alencis with S. chrysellus. The species has a long flight period from early July to early October with the bulk of the specimens being collected in August and September.Published as part of Pogue, Michael G. & Harp, And Charles E., 2005, Systematics of Schinia chrysellus (Grote) complex: Revised status of Schinia alencis (Harvey) with a description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 898 on pages 13-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17095