An Analysis of Gender Wage Differentials in Russia from 1996-2002

This paper examined the male-female differentials in hourly earnings in Russia from 1996 to 2002. The gender wage gap did not alter significantly in the earlier years, a period characterized by economic instability, but as the economy recovered, the differential in earnings increased initially. This trend reversed in 2002 and while the gender wage gap in mean earnings fell to its previous level the differential increased at the lower percentiles. Throughout all years, most of the gender wage differential is accounted for by differences in rewards rather than differences in observable characteristics. Occupational segregation continues to be a salient feature of the labor market with women clustered in professional, clerical and service occupations while men are more predominantly employed in blue-collar jobs.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40106/3/wp720.pd

An Analysis of Gender Wage Differentials in Russia from 1996-2002

This paper examined the male-female differentials in hourly earnings in Russia from 1996 to 2002. The gender wage gap did not alter significantly in the earlier years, a period characterized by economic instability, but as the economy recovered, the differential in earnings increased initially. This trend reversed in 2002 and while the gender wage gap in mean earnings fell to its previous level the differential increased at the lower percentiles. Throughout all years, most of the gender wage differential is accounted for by differences in rewards rather than differences in observable characteristics. Occupational segregation continues to be a salient feature of the labor market with women clustered in professional, clerical and service occupations while men are more predominantly employed in blue-collar jobs.Russia, economic transition, gender wage gap, occupational segregation

Exploration of Collaboration and Organizational Effectiveness in Denver County Human Service Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT AN EXPLORATION OF COLLABORATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS IN DENVER COUNTY HUMAN SERVICE NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Jane F. Hansberry, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2005 This study looked at the role of human service organizations' collaboration against the backdrop of the sometimes conflicting influences of New Public Management, the New Federalism, and PRWORA (welfare reform). The study examined the influence of Denver County human service nonprofit organizations' collaborative activities on the organizations' effectiveness. In order to understand collaboration's relative impact on organizational effectiveness, other organizational effectiveness factors measured in the study included management procedures, board of director performance, and change management. The study used a cross-sectional survey and focus groups to gather data. Using survey data from 143 Denver County human service nonprofit organizations and a series of focus groups comprising nonprofit managers and funders, it was found that human service nonprofit organizations are collaborating more now than five years ago. Respondents reported that mission fulfillment is the primary reason for their collaborations, though funding opportunities are also a factor. Other findings are that change management and collaboration are stronger influences on organizational effectiveness than management procedures and board performance. It was found that smaller organizations are more likely to collaborate and that collaboration is a stronger influence on smaller organizations' effectiveness. Focus group results indicate a perception gap between nonprofit practitioners and funders about the level of collaborative activity within the Denver nonprofit community. Implications are discussed that include the need for dialogue in the nonprofit sector about collaboration, better measurement of collaborative activities, and training for nonprofit organizations in collaboration's principles and smart practices

The Dynamics of Language in the Valencian Community from the Context of Immigration Policy and Refugee Programs

The European Union has experienced a refugee influx since 2015. Spain has also seen an increase in the number of refugees since 2015. However, unlike the historical flow of Latin American immigrants, immigrants entering Spain since 2015 are increasingly from the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. This can pose an issue towards their integration into Spanish society, as they do not have the same historical and cultural ties to Spain like Latin America. I argue that language is an important resource which allows immigrants to access social capital and resources in the country of reception. The role of language with immigration will be analyzed in the Valencian Community of Spain. Immigration and integration data from Spain are discussed alongside data from 4 other European countries to serve as comparative analysis

Letter, 1960 March 22, from Lorraine Hansberry to Eva Jessye

1 page, Hansberry was a friend of Jessye

A Raisin in the Sun

John Carroll University\u27s Little Theatre presented Lorraine Hansberry\u27s A Raisin in the Sun on April 27, 28, 29, and May 4, 5, and 6 of 1979.https://collected.jcu.edu/plays/1085/thumbnail.jp

To Be Young Gifted & Black

The story of Lorraine Hansberry told in her own words, To Be Young Gifted and Black was presented by the John Carroll University Little Theatre Workshop in the spring of 1980.https://collected.jcu.edu/plays/1090/thumbnail.jp

Phenomenon and Abstraction: Coordinating Concepts in Music Theory and Analysis

This dissertation explores the habits of thought that inform how music analysts conceptualize the music they study and how this conceptualization affects the kinds of claims they make and the discursive practices adopted to express them. I aim to clarify these issues in music-theoretical conceptualization with an eye toward mediating analytical disagreements by tracing the influence of two types of concepts used in contemporary music analysis. I differentiate what I call theoretical concepts, which refer to abstract, theoretical objects, from phenomenal concepts, which refer to elements of felt, musical experience. Drawing on theories of concepts from philosophy of mind, I argue that these concepts have a complex structure, featuring both a reference and mode of presentation. The musical concept Dominant, for instance, might be used as a phenomenal concept, referring to the conscious experience of hearing a dominant, or it might be used as a theoretical concept, referring to a kind of abstract object, presented as either the triad the leads to the tonic or the triad built on scale degree five. In analysis, the kinds of concepts that analysts use will determine the scope of their analyses as well as define what sorts of critiques are best deployed against them. I explore four different ways that these conceptual types are used. These case studies include conceptually simple theories that attempt to foreground one type of concept or another (from the formalized model proffered by Eugene Narmour, to the drawing-analyses of Elaine Barkin) as well as more common analytical strategies that rely on both kinds of concept in concert, such as Schenkerian analysis and transformational and neo-Riemannian theory. I enrich my study of analytical approaches with insights drawn from my own analytical practice, including a wide range of styles and composers (though foregrounding the complexity of tonal analysis especially) and close readings of various authors in different analytical traditions. In general, I am concerned less with testing the soundness of any given approach than with understanding what ways of conceptualizing music underlie them and how analysts coordinate these concepts in practice. I find that while most approaches rely on both types of concept in some combination, their differences come in the roles these concepts play in analytical methodology and the degree to which each type of engagement is foregrounded in practice

Fixation and incubation effects in problem-solving

In four experiments, the effects of fixation and suppression processes in problem solving ability were investigated. Previous research has shown that efficient suppression mechanisms are integral to verbal ability (e.g., Gernsbacher & Faust, 1991; Gernsbacher, Varner, & Faust, 1990; Hartman & Hasher, 1991). The present set of experiments demonstrated that such a mechanism is also a component of problem solving ability. The efficiency with which participants were able to suppress inappropriate meanings of ambiguous words was used as a measure of suppression skill. Experiment I established that participants who were able to make use of previously-presented information to solve difficult insight problems were also more efficient at suppressing the inappropriate word meanings. Experiment 3 showed that participants who scored highly on the Remote Associates Test (RAT) were also better able to suppress the inappropriate meanings, in comparison to low RAT solvers. Experiments 1--4 investigated fixation effects. Experiment 1 demonstrated that fixation to incorrect responses on the insight problems is not easily attenuated when these incorrect responses have been generated by the subject. Experiment 2 showed that this fixation effect is not attenuated even with the inclusion of an incubation period between a first solution trial in which the initial incorrect response is generated and a subsequent trial in which the same problems are again presented, along with clues to solution. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that fixation can be attenuated when initial incorrect solutions to RAT items are suggested by the experimenter. This is in contrast to Experiments 1 and 2, in which initial incorrect responses were generated by the participants. These attenuation effects were evidenced by increased solution rates to the RATs after an incubation period. These experiments also investigated the degree to which participants of varying ability levels can benefit from a period of incubation. Previous research has shown mixed results in this regard. The present findings are also inconclusive. Experiment 3 showed that high-ability participants benefited more from the incubation period, while Experiment 4 revealed no differences in the incubation effects for participants of varying problem solving ability