147 research outputs found
Caries Management :The Role of Surface Interactions in De- and Remineralization-Processes
Background: Bioadhesion and surface interactions on enamel are of essential relevance
for initiation, progression and prevention of caries and erosions. Salivary proteins on and within
initial carious and erosive lesions can facilitate or aggravate de- and remineralization. This applies
for the pellicle layer, the subsurface pellicle and for proteins within initial carious lesions. Little is
known about these proteinaceous structures related to initial caries and erosion. Accordingly, there is
a considerable demand for an understanding of the underlying processes occurring at the interface
between the tooth surface and the oral cavity in order to develop novel agents that limit and modulate
caries and erosion. Objectives and findings: The present paper depicts the current knowledge of the
processes occurring at the interface of the tooth surface and the oral fluids. Proteinaceous layers on
dental hard tissues can prevent or aggravate demineralization processes, whereas proteins within
initial erosive or carious lesions might hinder remineralization considerably and restrict the entry
of ions into lesions. Conclusions: Despite the fact that organic–inorganic surface interactions are
of essential relevance for de- and remineralization processes at the tooth surface, there is limited
knowledge on these clinically relevant phenomena. Accordingly, intensive research is necessary to
develop new approaches in preventive dentistry
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Bioadhesion in the oral cavity and approaches for biofilm management by surface modifications
Background: All soft and solid surface structures in the oral cavity are covered by the acquired pellicle followed by bacterial colonization. This applies for natural structures as well as for restorative or prosthetic materials; the adherent bacterial biofilm is associated among others with the development of caries, periodontal diseases, peri-implantitis, or denture-associated stomatitis. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for novel materials and coatings that limit and modulate bacterial attachment and/or propagation of microorganisms. Objectives and findings: The present paper depicts the current knowledge on the impact of different physicochemical surface characteristics on bioadsorption in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it was carved out which strategies were developed in dental research and general surface science to inhibit bacterial colonization and to delay biofilm formation by low-fouling or “easy-to-clean” surfaces. These include the modulation of physicochemical properties such as periodic topographies, roughness, surface free energy, or hardness. In recent years, a large emphasis was laid on micro- and nanostructured surfaces and on liquid repellent superhydrophic as well as superhydrophilic interfaces. Materials incorporating mobile or bound nanoparticles promoting bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic properties were also used. Recently, chemically textured interfaces gained increasing interest and could represent promising solutions for innovative antibioadhesion interfaces. Due to the unique conditions in the oral cavity, mainly in vivo or in situ studies were considered in the review. Conclusion: Despite many promising approaches for modulation of biofilm formation in the oral cavity, the ubiquitous phenomenon of bioadsorption and adhesion pellicle formation in the challenging oral milieu masks surface properties and therewith hampers low-fouling strategies. Clinical relevance: Improved dental materials and surface coatings with easy-to-clean properties have the potential to improve oral health, but extensive and systematic research is required in this field to develop biocompatible and effective substances. © 2020, The Author(s)
Effects of Experimental Agents Containing Tannic Acid or Chitosan on the Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Situ
Chitosan and tannic acid are known for their antibacterial properties. In the present in-situ
study, their antibacterial and anti-adherent effects on biofilm formation on enamel were investigated.
Six subjects carried upper jaw splints with bovine enamel specimens, allowing in-situ biofilm
formation. During the two-day trial, subjects rinsed with experimental solutions that contained
either chitosan, tannic acid (pH = 2.5), tannic acid (pH = 7) or hydrochloric acid. Water served as the
negative and chlorhexidine as the positive control. Rinsing occurred four or five times following
two different rinsing protocols to investigate both the immediate and long-lasting effects. After 48 h
of intraoral exposure, the dental plaque was stained with LIVE/DEAD® BacLight, and fluorescence
micrographs were evaluated by using the software ImageJ. The results were verified by scanning
electron microscopy. Rinsing with chitosan resulted in little immediate antibacterial and anti-adherent
effects but failed to show any long-lasting effect, while rinsing with tannic acid resulted in strong
immediate and long-lasting effects. Except for a slightly lower antibacterial effect, the neutral solution
of tannic acid was as good as the acidic solution. Hydrochloric acid showed neither an antibacterial
nor an anti-adherent effect on dental biofilm formation. Experimental solutions containing tannic
acid are promising anti-biofilm agents, irrespective of the pH values of the solutions. Chitosan, on the
other hand, was not able to prevent biofilm formation
Changes of the patient management in dentistry during the pandemic caused by the SARS-Coronavirus 2-initial perspectives of a clinic of operative dentistry in Europe
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Modification of the Lipid Profile of the Initial Oral Biofilm In Situ Using Linseed Oil as Mouthwash
Lipids are of interest for the targeted modification of oral bioadhesion processes. Therefore,
the sustainable effects of linseed oil on the composition and ultrastructure of the in situ pellicle
were investigated. Unlike saliva, linseed oil contains linolenic acid (18:3), which served as a marker
for lipid accumulation. Individual splints with bovine enamel slabs were worn by five subjects.
After 1 min of pellicle formation, rinses were performed with linseed oil for 10 min, and the slabs’
oral exposure was continued for up to 2 or 8 h. Gas chromatography coupled with electron impact
ionization mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS) was used to characterize the fatty acid composition of
the pellicle samples. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to analyze the ultrastructure.
Extensive accumulation of linolenic acid was recorded in the samples of all subjects 2 h after the
rinse and considerable amounts persisted after 8 h. The ultrastructure of the 2 h pellicle was less
electron-dense and contained lipid vesicles when compared with controls. After 8 h, no apparent
ultrastructural effects were visible. Linolenic acid is an excellent marker for the investigation of fatty
acid accumulation in the pellicle. New preventive strategies could benefit from the accumulation of
lipid components in the pellicle
Influence of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the formation of calcium fluoride surface layer on enamel and dentine in vitro
Topical application of different fluoride preparations is considered to be the gold standard of oral prophylaxis measures in preventive dentistry. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nano-HAP) as well, have received considerable attention for dental use in the past few decades. The purpose of this in-vitro study was to analyze the interaction between nano-HAP and different fluoride preparations. In order to investigate the possibility to establish, in the presence of nano-HAP, reproducible calcium fluoride surface layers, specimens were visually examined with regard to the surface coverage's structure, morphology, homogeneity and stability. Test series based on enamel and dentine specimens, that were obtained from extracted bovine teeth, were conducted. Thereby, sodium fluoride, olaflur, elmex Fluid (10.000Â ppm) and an aqueous nano-HAP solution (5%) served as test products and sterile water as reference. First, single application of nano- HAP and fluoride was tested. After 5Â min of incubation in the test solution, the surface coverage was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, samples were determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to identify the present elements of the surface layer, particularly fluoride. To test the calcium fluoride layer's persistence and stability, samples were exposed to the spray of a dental multifunctional syringe for 20Â s using maximum pressure and maximum water supply. In the second application protocol, fluoride and nano-HAP were applied simultaneously and in the third application protocol they were used sequentially. SEM visualisation showed that the simultaneous or sequential addition of nano-HAP led to a distinct change in the surface layer's structure. Agglomerates of various sizes were formed, with obviously different morphology from the calcium fluoride globules, not covering the surface homogeneously and sprayed off with the multifunctional syringe easily. Application of pure fluoride compounds resulted in a more homogeneous calcium fluoride surface layer with higher persistence in comparison to the combination of fluoride and nano-HAP. Interaction between fluoride and nano-HAP clearly could be proved. On enamel as well as dentine surfaces, the combined application of nano-HAP and fluoride has a negative effect on the stability and persistence of the calcium fluoride surface precipitate
Bioadhesion on Textured Interfaces in the Human Oral Cavity—An In Situ Study
Extensive biofilm formation on materials used in restorative dentistry is a common reason
for their failure and the development of oral diseases like peri-implantitis or secondary caries.
Therefore, novel materials and strategies that result in reduced biofouling capacities are urgently
sought. Previous research suggests that surface structures in the range of bacterial cell sizes seem to
be a promising approach to modulate bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Here we investigated
bioadhesion within the oral cavity on a low surface energy material (perfluorpolyether) with different
texture types (line-, hole-, pillar-like), feature sizes in a range from 0.7–4.5 µm and graded distances
(0.7–130.5 µm). As a model system, the materials were fixed on splints and exposed to the oral
cavity. We analyzed the enzymatic activity of amylase and lysozyme, pellicle formation, and bacterial
colonization after 8 h intraoral exposure. In opposite to in vitro experiments, these in situ experiments
revealed no clear signs of altered bacterial surface colonization regarding structure dimensions and
texture types compared to unstructured substrates or natural enamel. In part, there seemed to be a
decreasing trend of adherent cells with increasing periodicities and structure sizes, but this pattern
was weak and irregular. Pellicle formation took place on all substrates in an unaltered manner.
However, pellicle formation was most pronounced within recessed areas thereby partially masking
the three-dimensional character of the surfaces. As the natural pellicle layer is obviously the most
dominant prerequisite for bacterial adhesion, colonization in the oral environment cannot be easily
controlled by structural means
Preventive Applications of Polyphenols in Dentistry—A Review
Polyphenols are natural substances that have been shown to provide various health benefits.
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects have been described. At the same time,
they inhibit the actions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Thus, studies have also examined their effects
within the oral cavity. This review provides an overview on the different polyphenols, and their
structure and interactions with the tooth surface and the pellicle. In particular, the effects of various
tea polyphenols on bioadhesion and erosion have been reviewed. The current research confirms
that polyphenols can reduce the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, they can decrease
the adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface and improve the erosion-protective properties of the
acquired enamel pellicle. Tea polyphenols, especially, have the potential to contribute to an oral
health-related diet. However, in vitro studies have mainly been conducted. In situ studies and
clinical studies need to be extended and supplemented in order to significantly contribute to additive
prevention measures in caries prophylaxis
Nutritional and Oral Hygiene Knowledge versus Reported Behavior of Children and Adolescents : A Cross-Sectional Interview-Based Study
Despite the fact that healthy, sugar-reduced nutrition has been propagated by the media
and in schools for years, dental caries in children remains a major health problem worldwide, caused
primarily by an unhealthy diet. The objective of this study is to compare statements on nutrition and
hygienic knowledge with those on children’s actual dietary and hygienic behavior. A random sample
of 554 children and adolescents aged 3–19 years was enrolled. Designed as a cross-sectional interviewbased community survey, this study was conducted consecutively during three one-day public
science-promoting events at the Saarland University’s Medical Faculty. Participants’ oral hygiene
and nutritional knowledge was profound; however, the reported translation into practice showed
deficiencies. Boys and younger children (3–10 years) often showed better oral hygiene knowledge
than girls and older children (over 11 years) but had problems implementing it into their daily life
practice. In contrast, girls and older children often showed less oral hygiene knowledge but reported
more favorable behavior. Finally, children up to the mixed dentition phase preferred drinking sweets
more often than older children, posing a risk to the developing permanent dentition. Intensifying
well-known controlled motivation training approaches to encourage children and adolescents is
recommended to put their knowledge into practice
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