Alternate multiple-outer-planet missions using a Saturn-Jupiter flyby sequence

A study has been made of a method for providing more frequent launch opportunities for multiple-planet Grand Tour type missions to the outer solar system. A Saturn-Jupiter flyby sequence was used in the analysis to initiate the mission instead of the normal Jupiter-Saturn sequence. The Saturn-first approach is shown to yield several new launch opportunities following the 1980 cutoff date for Jupiter-first missions. Results are given for various two-planet, three-planet, and four-planet Jupiter-first and Saturn-first missions. A unique five-planet Saturn-first mission and a Saturn-Jupiter flyby which returns to earth are also discussed. Mission performance is evaluated for each flyby technique by comparing Saturn-first and Jupiter-first missions with respect to launch energy requirements, available launch windows, planetary encounter conditions, and total mission times

Changes in precipitation and river flow in northeast Turkey: associations with the North Atlantic Oscillation

This paper explores the relationships between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and precipitation and river flow over northeast Turkey. Precipitation totals and maximum, mean and minimum river flow are analysed at the seasonal scale for 12 and 10 stations, respectively. Pearson’s and Mann-Kendall correlation tests are applied to assess relationships between the NAO index and precipitation and river flow metrics, and to detect trends in time-series. Autumn precipitation totals display significant increasing trends, especially for coastal stations, while inland stations show significant increasing trends for spring precipitation. Minimum and maximum river flow decreases significantly for spring and summer. This tendency implies varying conditions towards a drier regime. Seasonal precipitation patterns show a negative association with the NAO for December–January–February (DJF), March–April–May (MAM) and September–October–November (SON) for some stations. Positive associations between the NAO and winter-extended winter (December–March) river flows are detected for some stations in northeast Turkey

Urban and regional planning proposal no. Y-10-066-001

There are no author-identified significant results in this report. A program has been completed to print out the radiance values for any specified combination of the four MSS bands for a specified sector of an image. A program to map intensities for any band is being written. An investigation of the characteristics of cities in the Brevard County area, as seen by ERTS-1, has been started. Investigation has not been completed, however, results initially obtained are presented. A Digicol viewer was used to determine the relative reflectance of cities (and other developed sectors) in the area. This was done by a combination of two methods: (1) varying the offset control so that the brightest spot appeared first, followed by the second brightest spot; and (2) reading the relative light transmissions at selected positions. A band 5 image was used and the results, in order of maximum reflectance apparent within the sector, are given

Planning applications in east central Florida

The author has identified the following significant results. Lake Apopka and three lakes downstream of it (Dora, Eustis, and Griffin) are in an advanced state of eutrophication with high algal concentrations. This feature has shown up consistently on ERTS-1 images in the form of a characteristic water color for those lakes. As expected, EREP photographs also show a characteristic color for those lakes. What was not expected is that Lake Griffin shows a clear pattern of this coloration. Personnel familiar with the lake believe that the photograph does, indeed, show an algal bloom. It is reported that the algal concentration is often significantly higher in the southern portion of the lake. What the photograph shows that was not otherwise known is the pattern of the algal bloom. A similar, but less pronounced, effect is seen in Lake Tohopekaliga. Personnel stationed at Kissimmee reported that there was an algal bloom on that lake at the time of the EREP pass and that its extent corresponded approximately to that shown on the photograph. Again, the EREP photograph gives information about the extent of the bloom that could not be obtained practically by sampling. ERTS-1 images give some indication of this algal distribution on Lake Griffin in some cases, but are inconclusive

Satellite Information on Orlando, Florida

The author has identified the following significant results. Computer classification, accompanied by human interpretation and manual simplification, can produce land use maps which are useful on a regional, county, and for special purpose, a city basis. Change monitoring is potentially an effective application of such data at all planning levels

Planning applications in east central Florida

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

LANDSAT planning applications in east central Florida

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Costs of colour change in fish: food intake and behavioural decisions

Many animals, particularly reptiles, amphibians, fish and cephalopods, have the ability to change their body colour, for functions including thermoregulation, signalling and predator avoidance. Many fish plastically darken their body colouration in response to dark visual backgrounds, and this functions to reduce predation risk. Here, we tested the hypotheses that colour change in fish (1) carries with it an energetic cost and (2) affects subsequent shoal and habitat choice decisions. We demonstrate that guppies (Poecilia reticulata) change colour in response to dark and light visual backgrounds, and that doing so carries an energetic cost in terms of food consumption. By increasing food intake, however, guppies are able to maintain growth rates and meet the energetic costs of changing colour. Following colour change, fish preferentially choose habitats and shoals that match their own body colouration, and maximise crypsis, thus avoiding the need for further colour change but also potentially paying an opportunity cost associated with restriction to particular habitats and social associates. Thus, colour change to match the background is complemented by behavioural strategies, which should act to maximise fitness in variable environments. © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

Directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions from Ebeam=90E_{\rm beam}=90 MeV/nucleon to Ec.m.=200E_{\rm c.m.}=200 GeV/nucleon

Recent data from the NA49 experiment on directed and elliptic flow for Pb+Pb reactions at CERN-SPS are compared to calculations with a hadron-string transport model, the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. The rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the directed and elliptic flow, i.e. $v_1$ and $v_2$, are investigated. The flow results are compared to data at three different centrality bins. Generally, a reasonable agreement between the data and the calculations is found. Furthermore, the energy excitation functions of $v_1$ and $v_2$ from $E_{\rm beam}=90A$ MeV to $E_{\rm cm}=200A$ GeV are explored within the UrQMD framework and discussed in the context of the available data. It is found that, in the energy regime below $E_{\rm beam}\leq 10A$ GeV, the inclusion of nuclear potentials is necessary to describe the data. Above $40A$ GeV beam energy, the UrQMD model starts to underestimate the elliptic flow. Around the same energy the slope of the rapidity spectra of the proton directed flow develops negative values. This effect is known as the third flow component ("antiflow") and cannot be reproduced by the transport model. These differences can possibly be explained by assuming a phase transition from hadron gas to quark gluon plasma at about $40A$ GeV.Comment: 19 pages, minor changes and modified title as published in PR