Pengaruh Pendidikan, Pekerjaan, Usia Kawin Pertama, Penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi terhadap Jumlah Anak

This study aims to determine the effect of education length, occupation, first age marriage and the use of contraceptives to the number of children born to women of childbearing age couples. The method used in this study is a survey. The population of this study are all women who have children EFA at least one that is 2035 soul. The sample used in this were 95 women EFA. The results in this study is the length of education affect the number of children born, type of work affect the number of children born, age at first marriage affect the number of children born, use of contraceptives affect the number of children born, and length of education, occupation, age at first marriage and the use of contraceptives affect the number of children born.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama pendidikan, jenis pekerjaan, usia kawin pertama dan penggunaan alat kontrasepsi terhadap jumlah anak yang dilahirkan wanita pasangan usia subur. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Survei. Populasi dari penelitian ini yaitu seluruh wanita PUS yang memiliki anak minimal satu yaitu 2035 jiwa. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 95 wanita PUS. Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah lama pendidikan berpengaruh terhadap jumlah anak yang dilahirkan, jenis pekerjaan berpengaruh terhadap jumlah anak yang dilahirkan, usia kawin pertama berpengaruh terhadap jumlah anak yang dilahirkan, penggunaan alat kontrasepsi berpengaruh terhadap jumlah anak yang dilahirkan, dan lama pendidikan, jenis pekerjaan, usia kawin pertama dan penggunaan alat kontrasepsi berpengaruh terhadap jumlah anak yang dilahirkan

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Publisher Correction: Association between pet ownership and physical activity levels, atopic conditions, and mental health in Singapore: a propensity score-matched analysis (Scientific Reports, (2020), 10, 1, (19898), 10.1038/s41598-020-76739-2)

10.1038/s41598-021-85732-2Scientific Reports111614