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The inverse conjunction fallacy
If people believe that some property is true of all members of a class such as sofas, then they should also believe that the same property is true of all members of a conjunctively defined subset of that class such as uncomfortable handmade sofas. A series of experiments demonstrated a failure to observe this constraint, leading to what is termed the inverse conjunction fallacy. Not only did people often express a belief in the more general statement but not in the more specific, but also when they accepted both beliefs, they were inclined to give greater confidence to the more general. It is argued that this effect underlies a number of other demonstrations of fallacious reasoning, particularly in category-based induction. Alternative accounts of the phenomenon are evaluated, and it is concluded that the effect is best interpreted in terms of intensional reasoning [Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: the conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90, 293–315.]
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Conjunctions of social categories considered from different points of view
Conjunctions of divergent social categories may elicit emergent attributes to render the composite concept more coherent. Following Kunda, Miller & Clare, (1990) participants listed and rated attributes for people who belong to unexpected conjunctions of social categories. In order to explore the flexibility in such constructions, they were also asked to adopt the point of view of a person in one of the two categories. Experiment 1 found that when adopting the point of view of one constituent category, people tended to combine the concepts antagonistically, meaning that they attributed to members of the conjunction the more negative aspects of the opposing category. Experiment 2 showed that this polarizing effect was reduced when the point of view category was itself unusual. Strong gender stereotype differences were also found in the degree to which combinations were antagonistic. Female stereotypes as points of view generated a greater degree of integration in the conceptual combination
A Description Logic of Typicality for Conceptual Combination
We propose a nonmonotonic Description Logic of typicality able to
account for the phenomenon of combining prototypical concepts, an open problem
in the fields of AI and cognitive modelling. Our logic extends the logic of
typicality ALC + TR, based on the notion of rational closure, by inclusions
p :: T(C) v D (“we have probability p that typical Cs are Ds”), coming
from the distributed semantics of probabilistic Description Logics. Additionally,
it embeds a set of cognitive heuristics for concept combination. We show that the
complexity of reasoning in our logic is EXPTIME-complete as in ALC
Interaction of point sources and vortices for incompressible planar fluids
We consider a new system of differential equations which is at the same time
gradient and locally Hamiltonian. It is obtained by just replacing a factor in
the equations of interaction for N point vortices, and it is interpreted as an
interaction of N point sources. Because of the local Hamiltonian structure and
the symmetries it obeys, it does possess some of the first integrals that
appear in the N vortex problem. We will show that binary collisions are easily
blown up in this case since the equations of motion are of first order. This
method may be easily generalized to the blow up of higher order collisions. We
then generalize the model further to interactions of sources and vortices.Comment: 9 page
Coatings for directional eutectics
Coating compositions were evaluated for oxidation protection of directionally solidified composite alloy NiTaC-13. These coatings included three NiCrAlY compositions (30-5-1, 25-10-1 and 20-15-1), two FeCrAlY compositions (30-5-1 and 25-10-1), a CoCrAlY composition (25-10-1), and one duplex coating, Ni-35Cr + Al. Duplicate pin samples of each composition were evaluated using two cyclic furnace oxidation tests of 100 hours at 871 C and 500 hours at 1093 C. The two best coatings were Ni-20Cr-15Al-lY and Ni-35Cr + Al. The two preferred coatings were deposited on pins and were evaluated in detail in .05 Mach cyclic burner rig oxidation to 1093 C. The NiCrAlY coating was protective after 830 hours of cycling, while the duplex coating withstood 630 hours. Test bars were coated and cycled for up to 500 hours. Tensile tests indicated no effect of coatings on strength. In 871 C air stress rupture, a degradation was observed for coated relative to bare material. The cycled NiCrAlY coating offered excellent protection with properties superior to the bare cycled NiTaC-13 in 1093 C air stress rupture
Acer rubrum Wats.
https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/4668/thumbnail.jp
Samolus valerandi L.
https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/20918/thumbnail.jp
Fraxinus americana L.
https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21184/thumbnail.jp
Acer saccharum Marshall
https://thekeep.eiu.edu/herbarium_specimens_byname/21778/thumbnail.jp
Experimental Evidence for Quantum Structure in Cognition
We proof a theorem that shows that a collection of experimental data of
membership weights of items with respect to a pair of concepts and its
conjunction cannot be modeled within a classical measure theoretic weight
structure in case the experimental data contain the effect called
overextension. Since the effect of overextension, analogue to the well-known
guppy effect for concept combinations, is abundant in all experiments testing
weights of items with respect to pairs of concepts and their conjunctions, our
theorem constitutes a no-go theorem for classical measure structure for common
data of membership weights of items with respect to concepts and their
combinations. We put forward a simple geometric criterion that reveals the non
classicality of the membership weight structure and use experimentally measured
membership weights estimated by subjects in experiments to illustrate our
geometrical criterion. The violation of the classical weight structure is
similar to the violation of the well-known Bell inequalities studied in quantum
mechanics, and hence suggests that the quantum formalism and hence the modeling
by quantum membership weights can accomplish what classical membership weights
cannot do.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
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