Determinants of Child Labor in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Econometric Analysis

This paper examines how child labor is useful for highlighting those factors because of which parents are forced to engage their children in economic activities. The research is based on cross-sectional data collected from one hundred sampled households through field survey out of which 50 are taken from schools and 50 from market. The binary choice model was used to analyse the determinants of child labour. The results of the econometric model show that the head of the household’s education and household’s average income are significantly and negatively correlated with child labour. The age of the child and family size are insignificantly and positively correlated with child labour. The results of the study conclude that parental education is necessary for better future of children. The study suggests that: 1.government and private sector should provide education facilities to the lower middle and poor people of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province. 2. Open skill development centres in rural areas and urban areas so that those who do not afford the formal education can have some skills for themselves to get the basic needs of life

Reservoir Characterization of Sand Intervals of Lower Goru Formation Using Petrophysical Studies; A Case Study of Zaur-03 Well, Badin Block, Pakistan

Present study deals with petrophysical interpretation of Zaur-03 well for reservoir characterization of sandintervals of Lower Goru Formation in Badin Block, Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. Early Cretaceous Lower GoruFormation is the distinct reservoir that is producing hydrocarbons for two decades. Complete suite of wireline logsincluding GR log, Caliper log, SP log, Resistivity logs (MSFL, LLS, LLD), Neutron log and Density log along withwell tops and complete drilling parameters were analyzed in this study. The prime objective of this study was to markzones of interest that could act as reservoir and to evaluate reservoir properties including shale volume (Vsh), porosity(ϕ), water saturation (Sw), hydrocarbon saturation (Sh) and net pay thickness. Based on Petrophysical evaluation threezones have been marked in Lower Goru Formation, A Sand (1890m to 1930m), B-sand (1935m to 2010) and C-sand(2015m to 2100m). The average calculated parameters for evaluation of reservoir properties of Zaur-03 well depicts anaverage porosity of 8.92% and effective porosity of 4.81%. Water Saturation is calculated as 28.54% and HydrocarbonsSaturation is 71.46%. Analysis shows that Sh in Zaur-03 well is high so the production of hydrocarbons iseconomically feasible

Determinants of Child Labor in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Econometric Analysis

This paper examines how child labor is useful for highlighting those factors because of which parents are forced to engage their children in economic activities. The research is based on cross-sectional data collected from one hundred sampled households through field survey out of which 50 are taken from schools and 50 from market. The binary choice model was used to analyse the determinants of child labour. The results of the econometric model show that the head of the household’s education and household’s average income are significantly and negatively correlated with child labour. The age of the child and family size are insignificantly and positively correlated with child labour. The results of the study conclude that parental education is necessary for better future of children. The study suggests that: 1.government and private sector should provide education facilities to the lower middle and poor people of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province. 2. Open skill development centres in rural areas and urban areas so that those who do not afford the formal education can have some skills for themselves to get the basic needs of life

Effect of Ostracism and General Education on Career Development under Mediation of Personality: A Study of Religious Schools in Pakistan

How ostracism affects personality and career development of the students in recognized religious schools (Madrassas) in Pakistan? How general education averts ostracism and improves personality and career development in Madrassas? How all these variables are associated? It was significant finding answers to these questions as yet in literature the mentioned variables are considered separate constructs whereas this study observed them interplaying in 4 recognized Madrassas. The study collected data from a simple random sample of size 280 protégés using reliable and valid instrument. Data analyses were conducted using Pearson’s correlation, regression and mediation test. Ostracism played positive role both on personality and career development while general education was lagging behind against expectation. Study recommended rational improvements, direction for future research expressing its limitations

Seismic Interpretation and Reservoir Evaluation Utilizing 2-D Seismic Data and Wireline Logs of Bijnot-01 Well, Fort Abbas Field, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan

Present study attempts to decipher the subsurface structure and reservoir characterization of Fort-Abbas field, located in Punjab platform, Central Indus Basin utilizing 2-D seismic and wireline logs data. Four seismic lines, 944-FABS-42, 944-FABS-43, 944-FABS-48, 944-FABS-49 and wireline logs of Bijnot-01 well have been used for this research work to delineate subsurface structures and demarcation of zone having fair potential of hydrocarbon accumulation. Formation evaluation for hydrocarbon potential using the reservoir properties is also the foremost objective of this research work. Based on the results of seismic data interpretation of Fort-Abbas field and integrating it with formation tops and wireline logs data, three prominent reflectors have been marked i.e. Eocene Sui Main Limestone, Cretaceous Lower Goru and Jurassic Chiltan Limestone. The structure of the area is interpreted as gently dipping monocline. Based on the breakup of reflectors on seismic section, one normal fault is marked. Time and depth contour maps are generated to demarcate lateral extension and closure of the reservoir. Based on interpretation of wireline logs, a zone has been marked from depth of 504 m to 594 m (Datta Formation) as a favorable zone having good potential for hydrocarbon accumulation. Saturation of hydrocarbon (Sh) in this zone is calculated as 57%

Outcomes of post-neurosurgical ventriculostomy-associated infections

Background: Ventriculostomy-associated infection (VAI) is a major concern to physicians. Limited studies have looked at the outcomes of external ventricular drain (EVD) infection and predictors of unfavorable outcomes. In this study, we assessed the outcomes of EVD infection and predictors of unfavorable outcomes.Methods: This was a retrospective medical chart review, conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital. All the patients irrespective of age and gender, fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of VAI were included. Patients with preexisting bacterial meningitis or ventriculitis were excluded from the study. Outcome assessment was based on Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) at 1 and 3 months after procedure. Other outcomes included 30-day mortality and total length of hospital stay.Results: We included 256 patients in the study. 66 patients (25.8%) developed VAI. EVD was the primary procedure in 21 (31.8%) cases. Most patients, 24 (36.4%), had EVD as a secondary procedure for tumor surgery. Median interval between EVD placement and diagnosis of infection was 3 days. Mean length of stay in VAI patients was 31.85 ± 20.53 days. Seven patients required ICU care. Ten patients (15.2%) expired during hospital stay or within 30 days of discharge and further four had GOS of 2 or 3. A total of 52 patients had a favorable outcome after 6 months.Conclusions: Rate of VAI in this cohort was high. VAI is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospital stay

Evaluation of Reservoir Properties Using Wireline Logs of Well Sarai-Sidhu-1, Punjab Platform, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan

The well Sarai Sidhu-01 is located on Punjab Platform, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan. Punjab Platform is the eastern part of Central Indus Basin, and tectonically it is the stable portion of Indus Basin, which was least affected during Tertiary Himalayan orogeny. This study attempts to decipher reservoir potential for hydrocarbon exploration. It aims to delineate a subsurface hydrocarbon bearing zone and to estimate the reservoir properties. A complete suite of wireline logs containing Caliper log (CALI), gamma ray log (GR), spontaneous potential log (SP), neutron log (ØN), density log (ØD), and resistivity logs (MSFL, LLS, and LLD) with all drilling parameters and well tops were utilized. The methodology adopted to accomplish this task includes the calculation of volume of shale (Vsh) by using gamma ray log and effective porosity (ØE) by using density and neutron logs. Resistivity of water (Rw) was calculated by SPmethod, and the saturation of water (Sw) and the saturation of hydrocarbons (Sh) is calculated with the help of Archie’s equation. According to log signatures, Lumshiwal formation of early Cretaceous age encountered in well in the depth range of 5433 ft. to 5797 ft. was marked as a possible reservoir, and this zone was evaluated for its reservoir potential in detail using a set of equations. The average values calculated for different parameters are as follows: Vsh= 30%, ØE= 17%, Sw= 46%, and Sh= 54%. The analysis shows that Sh is low, so it is inferred that Lumshiwal formation has a low potential and is economically not feasible for hydrocarbons production