2,380 research outputs found

    Wegfindung, Entscheidungsfindung und Verhaltensanalyse in Multiagentensystemen

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    Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Wegfindung, Entscheidungsfindung und der Analyse des Verhaltens intelligenter Agenten, wenn diese in kontinuierlichen, zweidimensionalen FlĂ€chen bestimmte Ziele ansteuern sollen, ohne dabei mit statischen oder dynamischen Hindernissen zu kollidieren. ZunĂ€chst wird ein Verfahren entwickelt mit welchem ein einzelner Agent unter Verwendung eines erlernten Umgebungsmodells befĂ€higt wird, intuitiv die zukĂŒnftigen Positionen beweglicher Objekte vorherzusagen, um so Kollisionen zu vermeiden bzw. Objekte direkt anzusteuern. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die erlernte Positionsvorhersage beweglicher Objekte mit einer baumartigen Suche nach gĂŒnstigen FolgezustĂ€nden, indem der Ausgang von Aktionsfolgen simuliert wird, zu kombinieren. Zur Steigerung der Effizienz wird, aufbauend auf dem vorherigen Ansatz, das Verfahren modifiziert und die Positionsvorhersagen dynamischer Objekte ĂŒber zeitabhĂ€ngige Kantenkosten in einen Graph integriert, um so mit angepassten, klassischen Pfadplanungsalgorithmen, wie dem A* Algorithmus, Pfade in einer Raum-Zeit-Dimension planen zu können, die den Kontakt mit dynamischen Hindernissen von vornherein meiden. Außerdem wird in dieser Arbeit der Frage nachgegangen, wie der zum Routing benötigte Graph auch in sich dynamisch verĂ€nderten, kontinuierlichen Umgebungen aktuell gehalten werden kann, wozu auf eine Methode namens Stable Growing Neural Gas zurĂŒckgegriffen wird. Diese ist von der gleichmĂ€ĂŸigen Ausbreitung von Gas-MolekĂŒlen im Raum inspiriert und diskretisiert auf diese Weise einen Raum. Weiter wird behandelt, wie der Graph parallel und kollisionsfrei von multiplen Agenten zum Routing verwendet werden kann, wofĂŒr die Verwendung eines Potential Field Ansatzes vorgeschlagen wird. Neben Detailverbesserungen an der Methode des Stable Growing Neural Gas, werden vor allem die Synergien erarbeitet, die sich aus der Kombination der Methoden des Stable Growing Neural Gas, dem Potential Field Ansatz und der Verwendung des A* Algorithmus ergeben. Um eine ganze Gruppe von Agenten zu kontrollieren, wird ein auf Reinforcement Learning basierendes Verfahren vorgeschlagen, um Agenten auf einen virtuellen, dynamischen Zielpunkt zuzusteuern. Dieses zeichnet sich durch eine hohe AnpassungsfĂ€higkeit aus. In einem entwickelten Szenario, in welchem Agenten durch Kollisionen untereinander implizit benachteiligt werden, konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Agenten durch das entworfene Trainingsverfahren gelernt haben Kollisionen untereinander zu vermeiden, ohne explizit darauf trainiert zu werden. Um die Interaktion lernender Agenten weiter zu untersuchen, wird in einem umgedrehten Szenario eine Gruppe von Agenten mittels Reinforcement Learning darauf trainiert, einem auf sie zukommenden Objekt auszuweichen. Unter der PrĂ€misse, dass sich dieses von mehreren potenziellen Zielen ablenken lĂ€sst, hat sich wie im vorhergehenden Szenario emergent ein Schwarmverhalten unter den Agenten entwickelt, was mit Methoden der Spieltheorie weiter untersucht wurde und bei der Untersuchung sozialer Interaktionen und Dilemmata von Bedeutung ist.This thesis deals with the pathfinding, decision-making and behavior analysis of intelligent agents when they are supposed to approach certain targets in continuous, two-dimensional areas without colliding with static or dynamic obstacles. First, a method is developed to enable a single agent, using a learned environment model, to intuitively predict the future positions of moving objects in order to avoid collisions or directly target objects. It is proposed to combine the learned position prediction of moving objects with a tree-like search for favorable subsequent states by simulating the outcome of action sequences. To increase efficiency, building on the previous approach, the method is modified to integrate the position predictions of dynamic objects into a graph via time-dependent edge costs, allowing adapted classical path planning algorithms, such as the A* algorithm, to plan paths in a space-time dimension that avoid contact with dynamic obstacles in the first place. In addition, this work explores the question of how the graph needed for routing can be kept up-to-date in dynamically changing, continuous environments, relying on a method called Stable Growing Neural Gas. This method inspired by the uniform distribution of gas molecules in space and discretizes a space in this way. Further, it is addressed how the graph can be used in parallel and collision-free by multiple agents for routing, for which the use of a Potential Field approach is proposed. In addition to detail improvements of the Stable Growing Neural Gas method, the synergies resulting from the combination of the Stable Growing Neural Gas methods, the Potential Field approach and the use of the A* algorithm are discussed. In order to control a whole group of agents, a reinforcement learning based method is proposed to steer agents towards a virtual dynamic target point. This is characterized by high adaptability. In a developed scenario, in which agents are implicitly penalized by collisions among each other, it could be shown that the agents learned to avoid collisions among each other by the designed training procedure without being explicitly trained for it. To further investigate the interaction of learning agents, in a reversed scenario, a group of agents is trained to avoid an approaching object using reinforcement learning. Under the premise that this can be distracted from multiple potential targets, swarming behavior emerged among the agents, as in the previous scenario, which was further investigated using methods from game theory and is important in the study of social interactions and dilemmas

    Product Digital-Platform-Business Co-Design: A Systematic Sprint Approach

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    In today\u27s connected age, numerous companies that develop mechatronic systems in generations pursue a digital platform business model. Previous research created the SPDS – Smart Platform Design Sprint to provide product development processes with the necessary tool to build digital platform business models. The SPDS is a five-day method to discover and design digital platform business models. This research validates and further develops the SPDS to provide insights into the first practical application and evaluates the methodology\u27s functionality by solving a real-world problem. More applications of the SPDS are needed to verify its robustness for improved generalization

    LINKING DIGITAL B2B PLATFORM BUSINESS MODELS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND LITERATURE REVIEW

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    Developing digital platform business models, especially in business-to-business (B2B) markets, has a high potential for companies who successfully develop their products in generations. The model of SGE - System Generation Engineering describes the development of mechatronic systems on subsystem level. The authors investigate to what extent a comprehensive and unified methodology can be identified, connecting the research areas of product development and digital B2B platform business models. Therefore, this study conducted a bibliometric analysis of scientific data to identify a research gap and a qualitative literature review to affirm the relevance of future research in this research area. The results show a gap between the research areas of digital B2B platform business models and product development. Essentially, several renowned platform researchers suggested performing future research with a methodology that fulfils the following purposes: (1) improve the general understanding of digital platforms, (2) understand their success factors and development, and (3) deal with challenges (e.g., monetization) and loss of valued personal relations in B2B markets through digitization

    Why are scientists not managers!?:the importance of interdisciplinary skills in business and science

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    Research is the translation from money to knowledge. Innovation is the metamorphosis of knowledge to money. Thus, business management and science are interdependent. That is no big news. But, in an ever faster changing economy, companies need a new type of scientist. Someone who knows not only science, but also business administration and management. Can the educational system satisfy those needs? In our opinion more work needs to be done – especially in the minds of scientists and managers alike

    Multi‐Photon 4D Printing of Complex Liquid Crystalline Microstructures by In Situ Alignment Using Electric Fields

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    An approach is presented to align the direction of liquid crystal networks or elastomers in situ during multi-photon laser printing for each voxel in three dimensions by applying a quasi-static electric field with variable orientation. This approach enables the making of 3D micro-heterostructures operating under ambient conditions that show large-amplitude elastic actuation, with temperature serving as the stimulus (“4D microstructures”). The approach involves two novelties. First, a dedicated sample cell with a variable height suitable for laser printing is introduced. It is based on optically transparent electrodes and allows to apply arbitrary electric field vectors in three dimensions, for example, parallel or normal to the substrate plane. Second, a variable optical phase plate combined with a pivotable half-wave plate warrants a single well-defined laser focus for nearly all possible quasi-static electric field vectors. Without the latter, one generally obtains two spatially separated laser foci, an ordinary and an extraordinary one, due to the optical birefringence of the medium induced by the alignment of the liquid crystal director via the applied quasi-static electric field. The versatility of the approach is illustrated by manufacturing and characterizing several exemplary architectures

    Methodik zum effizienten Einsatz von Sprachsteuerung

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    Sinkende LosgrĂ¶ĂŸen, kĂŒrzere Produktlebenszyklen und die Hyper-Individualisierung von Produkten erschweren die wirtschaftliche Automatisierung von Produktionsprozessen, wodurch nutzerzentrierte und damit effiziente Human- MachineInterfaces wie Sprachsteuerung an Bedeutung gewinnen. Die Einflussfaktoren auf deren Effizienz in der Produktion sind vielfĂ€ltig und komplex, weshalb in diesem Beitrag eine Methodik zur systematischen Identifikation von Anwendungsszenarien fĂŒr den effizienten Einsatz von Sprachsteuerung vorgestellt wird
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