Sector Linkages and Industrial Policy Effects on Regional Wheat Value Chain Actors’ Outputs and Consumption in Ethiopia

The article estimates sector linkages, output, income and employment multipliers. It also measures the effects of industrial policy on income and consumption and wheat factory’s outputs in aggregate terms. This study indicates that non-agro processing industry has relatively a weaker linkage with the rest of regional economy. The study found that the impacts, measured by social accounting matrix multiplier analysis, agricultural and service sectors have relatively the highest output, income and employment multipliers. Computable general equilibrium model result indicates that shock injections into regional wheat value chain brought about much higher changes in outputs of wheat producers and wheat processing factories, urban and rural household consumption of wheat and wheat product. The agro-processing industrial policy should be set up on the basis of balanced development of only limited sectors along the value chain to impact the wheat economy significantly and ensure higher productivity in the chains. Keywords: Linkages, industrial policy, multiplier effects, impact, wheat value chai

Market Integration For Oxen Prices Using Vector Error Correction Model (Vecm) In Ethiopia

Abstract: This study attempts to analyse the degree of spatial domestic oxen market integration; and examines price adjustment and prices causality. The result of Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test indicates that the three variables were non-stationary at their levels, and stationary at their first difference. The Johansen’s co-integration test indicated that two co-integrating vectors implying that two oxen markets were linked together. The result of the VECM reveals that estimated adjustment vector coefficients have the correct signs (negative) at 1 % significant level and imply moderate speed of price adjustment to ward equilibrium

Governance structures in wheat supply chains and their impacts on productivity and profitability of wheat producers in Ethiopia

This study aims to supplement the literature on the factors affecting wheat producer productivity and profitability by focusing on the role of governance structures and asymmetric information – an issue that is rarely discussed in developing countries. The study thoroughly explores the effect of governance structures and asymmetric information to model a hypothesis for Ethiopia. The study area enables an exemplary case study as it is one of the top wheat-producing areas in both Ethiopia and all of Africa. The study area has also been registered as a wheat belt region in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study used personal interviews to collect primary data from actors. Mixed sampling techniques (i.e., random, census, and purposive) were used to select sampling units. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyse the data. The results show that governance structures, Farm-gate transactions, and asymmetric information have a significant effect on wheat productivity and profitability. Asymmetric information significantly reduces the profit and yield of wheat producers. The study implies that the government should apply a policy related to institutional arrangements to enhance productivity and profitability in wheat supply chains

Economic freedom, institutional quality, and manufacturing development in African countries

ABSTRACTThe study examines the long and short-run impact of different explanatory variables on manufacturing development the time span from 1996 to 2021. The results indicated that economic freedom, FDI inflows, financial development, political instability, corruption control, government effectiveness, the rule of law, voice and accountability, and regulatory qualities significantly expand industrialization at the 1% level in the short-run, whereas they significantly reduced industrialization at the 1% level in the long run. African manufacturing transformation is significantly and positively determined by income per capita in the long and short run. The study suggests that policy measures must be taken to combat corruption and improve government effectiveness to achieve manufacturing growth. Maintaining a sound individual and whole institutional quality is very crucial for manufacturing development in the short run

Industrial mathematics curriculum development for Ethiopian Science and Technology universities

This study aimed to examine the development and implementation of the new industrial mathematics curriculum for Ethiopian Science and Technology universities. Ethiopia is in the process of transforming to industry led economy and to facilitate this transformation, the government needs competent graduates in science and technology field. The goal was to gain insight into the process of developing and implementing the industrial mathematics curriculum by studying the needs of stakeholders. The study employed the APOS theoretical framework for curriculum development process of mathematics education. The study was conducted at two universities of Science and Technology using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design in which the qualitative analysis followed from quantitative analysis. Primary data were collected from purposely selected mathematics, applied science, engineering teachers and industry personnel who have better links with the two Science and Technology universities, using questionnaires and focus group discussion methods. Additionally, secondary data was obtained through document analysis. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and an inductive content analysis approach. The findings of the study revealed that the development of the industrial mathematics curriculum was driven by industry demands, specifically, the need for skilled graduates who could contribute to productivity and improvement of services. However, the implementation of the curriculum faced several challenges. These included a weak connection between universities and industry, lack of information on graduates' job market performance, scarcity of resources impacting teaching and learning, pedagogical practices not aligned with industry needs, inadequate knowledge in adopting appropriate technology and ineffective assessment mechanisms. Based on the study findings, several recommendations were made to facilitate the successful implementation of the industrial curriculum. These recommendations include better stakeholder participation in the curriculum development process, creating awareness and understanding among science and technology teaching staff about curriculum development and continuous training for teachers to improve their teaching and assessment skills. In summary, this study explored the development of an industrial mathematics curriculum in Ethiopian Science and Technology universities. It identified the needs of stakeholders and highlighted the challenges faced during curriculum development and implementation. The recommendations aim to address these challenges and ensure a successful implementation of the industrial curriculum.Mathematics EducationD. Phil. (Mathematics Education

Agricultural policies, agricultural production and rural households' welfare in Ethiopia

The paper employs the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Oromia region of Ethiopia to assess the macroeconomic impacts of agricultural policy on agricultural growth and rural households' social welfare. The analysis is based on social accounting matrix (SAM) of Oromia region. This Oromia SAM is employed as a framework to estimate the effects of policy shocks on rural households' social welfare. This SAM provides base year data needed for policy simulation in CGE model of Oromia region. This study develops two simulations based on economic assumptions and tests their effects on agricultural production, and social welfare. The first set of experiment focuses on the irrigation policies that change the factor intensities in the production of agricultural commodities, and the second one focuses on the precision agriculture that raises agricultural productivity in the use of technologies. The analysis identifies that irrigation scaling up has a positive effect on agricultural production, and social welfare. The application of precision agriculture generates a significant and positive effect on agricultural productivity and production, and rural households' income and consumption. This finding suggests that price support policy should be implemented simultaneously with suggested policies

Assessment of the relationships between livestock production policies implementation and knowledge integration for the promotion of food security in Ethiopia

AbstractThis paper proposes a modelling approach to bridge policy gaps and provide decision-makers with a useful tool for more focused decisions in livestock supply chains. This approach, which is put into practice through institutional arrangements, has the potential to empower the role of coordination and cooperation in the livestock supply chain, link stakeholders/entrepreneurs to vertical upstream and downstream direct and indirect actors. While there are substantial contributions to the detail of this paper, one of its most important contributions lies in introducing public-private partnerships as a driver of livestock economic development. This study evaluated the impact of integrated knowledge on production, rural households’ income, and rural households’ food security using Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. The database used in social accounting matrix (SAM) is also used as the base year data for policy simulations in the CGE models. The result indicates that adoption of scientific-technical breed selection and veterinarian knowledge could enable the region to obtain higher livestock production and income, thus leading to higher food security than region with indigenous and integrated knowledge adoption. The results indicate that integrated knowledge policies have more impact on livestock production, rural household income, and food security than indigenous knowledge policy implementation alone. The policies have a greater impact on the rural households’ income and food security in the merger case than in the indigenous technical simulation case. The findings imply that livestock production policies’ implementation and knowledge integration are still necessary for achieving food security, and eradicating poverty

Potato and Tomato Supply and Yield Responses to Policy in Ethiopia

Improving the productivity and profitability of farming activity is considered the key pathway out of poverty for many rural households. Agricultural productivity can be achieved through improving technical progress and increasing irrigation practice utilization. The motivation of this study is to figure out the underlying reasons for the low inelastic potato and tomato supply responses in the short and long-run. The paper attempts to estimate the responsiveness of potato and tomato yield and supply to demand, irrigated area, technical progress and industrial policy in Ethiopia. The study uses the error correction model and VARs with the aid of time series data. The results indicate that tomato supply is found to be responsive to demand signal and industrial policy shock in the short run but not to price incentive in the short-run as predicted. Tomato yield is responsive to demand signal, price incentive and industrial policy shock in the short‐run. The numerical magnitude of error correction coefficient for potato yield is 0.88 indicating about 88% of disequilibrium is corrected in a year. The implied departure from equilibrium is about 12%. Interventions in increasing irrigated area and the technical progress in potato and tomato production impact yield and output significantly. The speeds of adjustment towards equilibrium for tomato yield and output are quite fast, it points towards the highest response to technical progress. The results give emphasis to the need to strengthen technical progress and irrigation water supply through effective policies

Supply analysis in wheat industry: contributions of value chain analysis in Ethiopia: Cases from Arsi and East Shewa Zones in Oromia National and Regional State

In this paper an attempt is made to analyse factors affecting supply issues at different functional nodes of Wheat Value Chain (WVC), flow of commodities and roles of cooperatives and other institutions in supply issues. Sources of primary data include input suppliers, service providers, wheat producers, traders, cooperatives, wheat processing industries. Interview schedules, informal group discussions and observations were used to collect primary data from actors in wheat value chain. The sample design was multiple sampling stages, zones as first stage sampling unit, districts as second stage sampling unit, kebeles as third stage sampling unit and key WVC actors as fourth stage sampling unit. Factors of supply issues in wheat industry has been analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics, qualitative methods and stepwise multiple regression (OLS). The result indicates that cooperative as actor has failed to supply adequate input, namely pesticide and herbicide caused input retailers to manifest their opportunistic behavior and exploit asymmetric information on input quality at small shops and spot market, which in turn, declined wheat productivity. Wheat producer’s marketed surplus significantly increased with land size, fertilizer, extension service, and distance from main road, producer’s WVC function, and decreased with crop rotation. About 90% of wheat processing industries ranked shortage of raw materials as the number one barrier for wheat product supply. Concerned body should work on technology and extension service supply and coordination to address low raw materials and final products supply at each functional node of wheat value chain

Determinants of supply in the wheat value chain of Ethiopia

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting the quantity of commodity supply in the wheat value chain (WVC) in Ethiopia. This study used personal interviews to collect primary data from WVC actors by using surveys. The data collected came from input suppliers, wheat producers, wholesalers, wheat processors and support institutions. It also made use of empirico-inductive approach and focused synthesis to conceptualize commodity supply and coordination. Mixed sampling techniques (random, census and purposive) were applied to select sampling units. Qualitative analysis, descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the set of data. The paper finds that the marketed surplus of wheat significantly increases with landholding, fertilizer used, extension services and the costs of wheat production and negatively associates with information asymmetry and crop rotation. The strategic interactions influence the quantity of a commodity that actors supplied to the markets. It adds new knowledge to the existing theoretical and empirical literature. It may be recommendable to target the efforts in order to improve extension services, reduce information asymmetry and encourage the utilization of wheat technologies to enhance wheat supply.Keywords: Determinants, Marketed surplus of wheat, Commodity supply, Information asymmetry, Wheat value chai