3,632 research outputs found
Sound and Fury: McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics
For about twenty years, Deidre McCloskey has campaigned to convince the economics profession that it is hopelessly confused about statistical significance. She argues that many practices associated with significance testing are bad science and that most economists routinely employ these bad practices: âThough to a child they look like science, with all that really hard math, no science is being done in these and 96 percent of the best empirical economics. . .â (McCloskey 1999). McCloskeyâs charges are analyzed and rejected. That statistical significance is not economic significance is a jejune and uncontroversial claim, and there is no convincing evidence that economists systematically mistake the two. Other elements of McCloskeyâs analysis of statistical significance are shown to be ill-founded, and her criticisms of practices of economists are found to be based in inaccurate readings and tendentious interpretations of their work. Properly used, significance tests are a valuable tool for assessing signal strength, for assisting in model specification, and for determining causal structure.statistical significance, economic significance, significance testing, regression analysis, econometric methodology, Deirdre McCloskey, Neyman-Pearson testing
Well-Posed Two-Temperature Constitutive Equations for Stable Dense Fluid Shockwaves using Molecular Dynamics and Generalizations of Navier-Stokes-Fourier Continuum Mechanics
Guided by molecular dynamics simulations, we generalize the
Navier-Stokes-Fourier constitutive equations and the continuum motion equations
to include both transverse and longitudinal temperatures. To do so we partition
the contributions of the heat transfer, the work done, and the heat flux vector
between the longitudinal and transverse temperatures. With shockwave boundary
conditions time-dependent solutions of these equations converge to give
stationary shockwave profiles. The profiles include anisotropic temperature and
can be fitted to molecular dynamics results, demonstrating the utility and
simplicity of a two-temperature description of far-from-equilibrium states.Comment: 19 pages with 10 figures, revised following review at Physical Review
E and with additional figure/discussion, for presentation at the
International Summer School and Conference "Advanced Problems in Mechanics"
[Saint Petersburg, Russia] 1-5 July 2010
Phase-change materials handbook
Handbook describes relationship between phase-change materials and more conventional thermal control techniques and discusses materials' space and terrestrial applications. Material properties of most promising phase-change materials and purposes and uses of metallic filler materials in phase-change material composites are provided
Universal Jurisdiction not so Universal: A Time to Delegate to the International Criminal Court
The exercise of universal jurisdiction in cases involving crimes under international law remains highly debated and underlines a certain number of legal and political issues in its implementation. Because the principle of universal jurisdiction relies on national authorities to enforce international prohibitions, pivotal decisions are expected to reflect, to a greater or lesser extent, domestic decision-makersâ positions as to the interests of justice, the national interest and other criteria. In many States, the legal system lacks the means to investigate or prosecute on the basis of universal jurisdiction. Indeed, many legal systems do not define the term âcrimesâ that can be prosecuted under the principle and continue to apply domestic criminal law. The purpose of this article is to discuss the scope of universal jurisdiction and the risks that are associated with its application. In particular, this article highlights the various obstacles that may explain why universal jurisdiction has yet proven to be an effective tool to combat impunity. Finally, this article proposes the optimal solution that may remedy the current inadequacies associated with the implementation of the principle of universal jurisdiction and that will ensure peace and justice against heinous crimes within the international community. Considering the obstacles and risks associated with the scope and application of universal jurisdiction, the best way to protect the international community from being affected by crimes left unpunished is to âremoveâ the exercise of universal jurisdiction from the States and confer it on the International Criminal Court so that these crimes are punished fairly and according to uniform laws
Universal Jurisdiction not so Universal: A Time to Delegate to the International Criminal Court
The exercise of universal jurisdiction in cases involving crimes under international law remains highly debated and underlines a certain number of legal and political issues in its implementation. Because the principle of universal jurisdiction relies on national authorities to enforce international prohibitions, pivotal decisions are expected to reflect, to a greater or lesser extent, domestic decision-makersâ positions as to the interests of justice, the national interest and other criteria. In many States, the legal system lacks the means to investigate or prosecute on the basis of universal jurisdiction. Indeed, many legal systems do not define the term âcrimesâ that can be prosecuted under the principle and continue to apply domestic criminal law. The purpose of this article is to discuss the scope of universal jurisdiction and the risks that are associated with its application. In particular, this article highlights the various obstacles that may explain why universal jurisdiction has yet proven to be an effective tool to combat impunity. Finally, this article proposes the optimal solution that may remedy the current inadequacies associated with the implementation of the principle of universal jurisdiction and that will ensure peace and justice against heinous crimes within the international community. Considering the obstacles and risks associated with the scope and application of universal jurisdiction, the best way to protect the international community from being affected by crimes left unpunished is to âremoveâ the exercise of universal jurisdiction from the States and confer it on the International Criminal Court so that these crimes are punished fairly and according to uniform laws
Time-reversed symmetry and covariant Lyapunov vectors for simple particle models in and out of thermal equilibrium
Recently, a new algorithm for the computation of covariant Lyapunov vectors
and of corresponding local Lyapunov exponents has become available. Here we
study the properties of these still unfamiliar quantities for a number of
simple models, including an harmonic oscillator coupled to a thermal gradient
with a two-stage thermostat, which leaves the system ergodic and fully time
reversible. We explicitly demonstrate how time-reversal invariance affects the
perturbation vectors in tangent space and the associated local Lyapunov
exponents. We also find that the local covariant exponents vary discontinuously
along directions transverse to the phase flow.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures submitted to Physical Review E, 201
Selected reliability studies for the NERVA program
An investigation was made into certain methods of reliability analysis that are particularly suitable for complex mechanisms or systems in which there are many interactions. The methods developed were intended to assist in the design of such mechanisms, especially for analysis of failure sensitivity to parameter variations and for estimating reliability where extensive and meaningful life testing is not feasible. The system is modeled by a network of interconnected nodes. Each node is a state or mode of operation, or is an input or output node, and the branches are interactions. The network, with its probabilistic and time-dependent paths is also analyzed for reliability and failure modes by a Monte Carlo, computerized simulation of system performance
Microbial Extremophiles in Evolutionary Aspect
The microflora of the cryosphere of planet Earth provides the best analogs for life forms that might be found in the permafrost or polar ice caps of Mars, near the surface of the cometary nuclei, or in the liquid water beneath the ice crusts of icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn. For astrobiology the focus on the study alkaliphilic microorganisms was enhanced by the findings of abundant carbonates and carbonate globules rimmed with possibly biogenic magnetites in association with the putative microfossils in the ALH84001 meteorite. Although the ALH84001 "nanofossils" were to small and simple to be unambiguously recognized as biogenic, they stimulated Astrobiology research and studies of microbial extremophiles and biomarkers in ancient rocks and meteorites. Recent studies of CI and CM carbonaceous meteorites have resulted in the detection of the well-preserved mineralized remains of coccoidal and" filamentous microorganisms in cyanobacterial mats. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis has shown anomalous biogenic element ratios clearly indicating they are not recent biological contaminants. This paper reviews microbial extremophiles in context of their significance to Astrobiology and the evolution of life. Extremophilic microorganisms on Earth are models for life that might endure high radiation environments in the ice near the surface of comets or on the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn and in the seafloor deep beneath the icy crusts of Europa and Enceladus
Hexahydrite (MgSO46H2O) as an Effloreschence of Some Ohio Dolomites
Author Institution: Department of Mineralogy, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbu
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