Experimental investigations of a single cylinder genset engine with common rail fuel injection system

Performance and emissions characteristics of compression ignition (CI) engines are strongly dependent on quality of fuel injection. In an attempt to improve engine combustion, engine performance and reduce the exhaust emissions from a single cylinder constant speed genset engine, a common rail direct injection (CRDI) fuel injection system was deployed and its injection timings were optimized. Results showed that 34°CA BTDC start of injection (SOI) timings result in lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and smoke opacity. Advanced injection timings showed higher cylinder peak pressure, pressure rise rate, and heat release rate due to relatively longer ignition delay experienced

Simple and Efficient Group Key Distribution Protocol using Matrices

Group Key Distribution (GKD) protocols are designed to distribute a group key to several users for establishing a secure communication over a public network. The central trusted authority, called the key distribution center (KDC) is in charge of distributing the group keys. For securing the communication, all the users share a common secret key in advance with KDC. In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient Group Authenticated Key Distribution (GAKD) protocol based on the simple idea of encryption in matrix rings. In this protocol, each user registers in private with the KDC, while all the other information can be transferred publicly. The scheme also supports authentication of group keys without assuming computational hard problems such as Integer Factorization Problem (IFP).The analysis of our GAKD protocol shows that the proposed protocol is resistant to reply, passive and impersonation attacks. Our construction leads to a secure, cost and computation- effective GAKD protocol

Direct Analysis in Real Time by Mass Spectrometric Technique for Determining the Variation in Metabolite Profiles of Cinnamomum tamala Nees and Eberm Genotypes

Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm. is an important traditional medicinal plant, mentioned in various ancient literatures such as Ayurveda. Several of its medicinal properties have recently been proved. To characterize diversity in terms of metabolite profiles of Cinnamomum tamala Nees and Eberm genotypes, a newly emerging mass spectral ionization technique direct time in real time (DART) is very helpful. The DART ion source has been used to analyze an extremely wide range of phytochemicals present in leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. Ten genotypes were assessed for the presence of different phytochemicals. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of mainly terpenes and phenols. These constituents vary in the different genotypes of Cinnamomum tamala. Principal component analysis has also been employed to analyze the DART data of these Cinnamomum genotypes. The result shows that the genotype of Cinnamomum tamala could be differentiated using DART MS data. The active components present in Cinnamomum tamala may be contributing significantly to high amount of antioxidant property of leaves and, in turn, conditional effects for diabetic patients

A Study on the Challenges Regarding Conservation of Water Resources in Rajasthan

Water can not be produced but conserving water is equivalent to production of water. Rajasthan has worked on two side water conservation theories. (i) Supply side (ii) Demand side water Supply Side Water Conservation Activities;- Harvesting the available surplus rainfall runoff by Efficient use of existing resources ,Water Harvesting, Artificial Ground water recharging,Increase in use of treated water,Demand Side Water Conservation Activities;- Various interventions taken for demand side water conservations are as under Diversification in cropping pattern,Micro irrigation system,IEC activities to use water optimally

Data Security Using Stegnography and Quantum Cryptography

Stegnography is the technique of hiding confidential information within any media. In recent years variousstegnography methods have been proposed to make data more secure. At the same time differentsteganalysis methods have also evolved. The number of attacks used by the steganalyst has only multipliedover the years. Various tools for detecting hidden informations are easily available over the internet, sosecuring data from steganalyst is still considered a major challenge. While various work have been done toimprove the existing algorithms and also new algorithms have been proposed to make data behind theimage more secure. We have still been using the same public key cryptography like Deffie-Hellman andRSA for key negotiation which is vulnerable to both technological progress of computing power andevolution in mathematics, so in this paper we have proposed use of quantum cryptography along withstegnography. The use of this combination will create key distribution schemes that are uninterceptable thusproviding our data a perfect security.Keywords: Stegnography, Steganalysis, Steganalyst, Quantum Cryptography

Induction of MAP Kinase Homologues during Growth and Morphogenetic Development of Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) under the Influence of Host Factor(s) from Wheat Spikes

Signaling pathways that activate different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in response to certain environmental conditions, play important role in mating type switching (Fus3) and pathogenicity (Pmk1) in many fungi. In order to determine the roles of such regulatory genes in Tilletia indica, the causal pathogen of Karnal bunt (KB) of wheat, semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to isolate and determine the expression of MAP kinase homologues during fungal growth and development under in vitro culture. Maximum expression of TiFus3 and TiPmk1 genes were observed at 14th and 21st days of culture and decreased thereafter. To investigate whether the fungus alters the expression levels of same kinases upon interaction with plants, cultures were treated with 1% of host factors (extracted from S-2 stage of wheat spikes). Such treatment induced the expression of MAPks in time dependent manner compared to the absence of host factors. These results suggest that host factor(s) provide certain signal(s) which activate TiFus3 and TiPmk1 during morphogenetic development of T. indica. The results also provides a clue about the role of host factors in enhancing the disease potential due to induction of MAP kinases involved in fungal development and pathogenecity

Vegetative propagation of Azadirachta indica: effect of auxin and rooting media on adventitious root induction in mini-cuttings

Azadirachta indica (Neem), a prodigious multipurpose tree, has immense potential to benefit mankind and to protect the environment. In order to investigate the effects of the auxins hormone and rooting media on root formation in mini-cuttings of A. indica, an experiment was conducted using mist system in poly house in summer 2012. The experiment was established on three different rooting media: sand, vermiculite and soil assembled with six concentrations (100; 250; 500; 750; 1,000 and 1,500 mg L-1) of the auxins IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid) with randomized block design, each block containing four replicates. The basal long soak methods were used for treating cuttings. The data revealed significant effect of different auxins and rooting media on the Neem establishment. The rooted mini-cuttings were assessed for rooting percent, number of roots, root length and number of leaves. In present finding among all the auxins and rooting media, , IBA (250 mg L-1) showed better results with sand in terms of rooting percent (80%), number of roots (70.63), root length (11.13) and number of leaves (5.25) per rooted mini-cuttings. The formation of healthy plants after hardening under outdoor conditions showed that A. indica could be successfully propagated by mini-cuttings techniques