Preparation and Performance of Scandia and Alumina Co-doped Zirconia Electrolyte Materials with High Strength

The (Sc_2O_3)_(0.06)(Al_2O_3)_x(ZrO_2)_(0.94-x)(x=0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02) series powders were prepared via a nitrate-citrate route. The obtained electrolyte material samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and mechanical test, and the effect of Al_2O_3-doping on the properties of the electrolyte materials was investigated. The results indicate that the Al_2O_3-doping can promote the sintering of the electrolyte material, reduce the resistance of the grain boundaries and improve the flexural strength. When the Al_2O_3-doped amount is 1% in mole, the ionic conductivity of the (Sc_2O_3)_(0.06)(Al_2O_3)_(0.01)(ZrO_2)_(0.93) sample is 0.05 S/cm at 800 ℃ and the flexural strength is 912 MPa at room temperature. The optimum power density measured at 800 ℃ is 0.43 W/cm~2 for the cell with this material as an electrolyte, and little degradation is discovered after 200 h test under a constant current discharge of 0.625 A/cm~2

镱铝共掺杂氧化锆电解质材料制备与性能

The ytterbia and alumina co-doped zirconia electrolyte materials were synthsized by a solid-state method. The results revealed that Al_2O_3-doping was beneficial for sintering and increasing flexural strength.The effect of Al_2O_3-doping on ionic conductivity was in relation to the doping content of ytterbia.Only the ionic conductivity of sample with 6% (mole fraction)Yb_2O_3 was enhanced by alumina doping.6%(mole fraction)Yb_2O_3 and 0.5%(mole fraction)Al_2O_3 codoped zirconia electrolyte showed excellent bending strength and the best oxygen ionic conductivity.A maximum density of 0.40W/cm~2 was measured at 800℃ for the cell with this material as electrolyte

Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Jilin Province, Northeastern China: Emergence of a New CRF07_BC Transmission Cluster and Intersubtype Recombinants

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To investigate the HIV-1 molecular epidemiology among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected persons living in the Jilin province of northeastern China.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Plasma samples from 189 newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patients were collected between June 2010 and August 2011 from all nine cities of Jilin province. HIV-1 nucleotide sequences of <i>gag</i> P17–P24 and <i>env</i> C2–C4 gene regions were amplified using a multiplex RT-PCR method and sequenced. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses were used to determine the HIV-1 genotypes.</p><p>Results</p><p>Based on all sequences generated, the subtype/CFR distribution was as follows: CRF01_AE (58.1%), CRF07_BC (13.2%), subtype B’ (13.2%), recombinant viruses (8.1%), subtype B (3.7%), CRF02_AG (2.9%), subtype C (0.7%). In addition to finding CRF01_AE strains from previously reported transmission clusters 1, 4 and 5, a new transmission cluster was described within the CRF07_BC radiation. Among 11 different recombinants identified, 10 contained portions of gene regions from the CRF01_AE lineage. CRF02_AG was found to form a transmission cluster of 4 in local Jilin residents.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our study presents a molecular epidemiologic investigation describing the complex structure of HIV-1 strains co-circulating in Jilin province. The results highlight the critical importance of continuous monitoring of HIV-infections, along with detailed socio-demographic data, in order to design appropriate prevention measures to limit the spread of new HIV infections.</p></div

HIV-1 genotype information of 12 subjects of Jilin province with new recombinants.

a<p>Sex: M, male; F, female.</p>b<p>Genotype was determined based on both <i>gag</i> and <i>env</i> gene region sequences.</p>c<p>YKAP: Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.</p>d<p>NA: not available.</p><p>HIV-1 genotype information of 12 subjects of Jilin province with new recombinants.</p

Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of HIV-1 <i>env</i> C2–C4 gene of study samples from the Jilin province of northeastern China.

<p>Neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees were constructed for 121 nucleotide sequences of HIV-1 <i>env</i> C2–C4 and reference sequences. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using methods described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110738#pone-0110738-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>.</p

Demograpic and epidemiologic information of the study subjects and the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes.

a<p>Sex: M, male; F, female.</p>b<p>Other: other ethnic minority including Yi, Dai, Lisu and Mongol.</p>c<p>Risk Groups: MSM, men who have sex with men; Hetero, heterosexual; FPD, former plasma donor; IDU, injecting drug user; MTCT, mother-to-child transmission.</p>d<p>HIV-1 Genotypes: genotypes were determined based on all sequences available.</p>e<p>JL.DG: samples with different genotypic identification assigned to the <i>gag</i> P17–P24 and <i>env</i> C2–C4 regions were designated as discordant genotype and were abbreviated as JL.DG.</p>f<p>CRF01-NG: ungrouped CRF01_AE lineage.</p>g<p>CRF07-NG: ungrouped CRF07_BC lineage.</p><p>Demograpic and epidemiologic information of the study subjects and the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes.</p

Maps of the study regions and HIV-1 genotype distribution of each geographical region in Jilin province of northeastern China.

<p>At the top-left corner of the figure is map of China (A), Jilin province of northeastern China is marked in gray. The map on the right of the figure represents Jilin province of northeastern China (B), the geographical location of the nine regions within Jilin province and the numbers of samples with genotypes from each region are shown. Pie charts show the distribution of HIV-1 genotypes in each region of Jilin province of northeastern China. The symbols representing different HIV-1 genotypes are shown at the left of the figure.</p

Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of HIV-1 <i>gag</i> P17–P24 gene of study samples from the Jilin province of northeastern China.

<p>Neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees were constructed for 134<b> </b>DNA sequences of HIV-1 <i>gag</i> P17–P24 and reference sequences. The 134 <i>gag</i> P17–P24 gene sequences were separated into two different neighbor-joining trees, Fig. 1A containing only the subtype A, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG-related sequences and Fig. 1B representing the B/B’, C, CRF07_BC related sequences. The stability of each node was assessed by bootstrap analyses with 1000 replicates and only bootstrap values ≥70 are shown at the corresponding nodes. CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC are labeled CRF01, CRF02, CRF07 and CRF08, respectively, for simplicity. The seven unique CRF01_AE lineages detected in China are labeled CRF01-1 through CRF01-7 and the Central African CRF01_AE sequences are labeled CRF01-CF. The two distinct CRF07_BC lineages identified among MSM are labeled CRRF07-1 and CRF07-2. The asterisk (*) next to sequence name indicates the identified recombinant or discordant genotype in the study. The symbols representing the risk groups are shown at the top-left corner of the figure.</p