Caracterización de sistemas de producción del guajolote (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) de traspatio en las regiones fisiográficas del estado de Michoacán, México

En este trabajo se caracterizaron unidades de producción (UP) de traspatio de guajolote doméstico en las cinco regiones fisiográficas del estado de Michoacán. La meleagricultura de traspatio se lleva a cabo en todas las regiones fisiográficas del estado, con UP promedio de 7.20 a 14.80 aves. La relación hembra/macho es de 1.69 a 3.69 hembras por macho. De acuerdo a la coloración del plumaje, se encontraron las variedades Bronceado, Narrangansett, Palma Real, Negro español, Slate o plateado y Buffy (café o rojo) y otros colores que no se pudieron asignar a las variedades descritas. El peso en adultos mayores de 12 meses fue de 6.70 a 8.90 kg machos y 2.90 a 4.35 kg hembras. Las aves más pesadas se localizaron en las regiones de clima templado. Las hembras anidan 2 a 3 veces por año, produciendo de 12 a 15 huevos por evento con nacimientos de 10 a 12 pavipollos por evento. El 94.3 % de las unidades son no tecnificadas, con incorporación de algunas prácticas de manejo mejorado, como utilización de alimento balanceado en pavipollos hasta los dos meses de edad, poco o nulo esquema de vacunación y sin utilización de variedades "mejoradas", lo que indica que el tipo genético de guajolote es autóctono y es un fondo genético propio

Detecting patterns of fertilization and frequency of multiple paternity in Chelonia mydas of Colola (Michoacán, Mexico)

We present a microsatellite analysis that allows an indirect determination of the process of fertilization in the genital tract of Chelonia mydas. The strategy was based in that the order of oviposition is related to fertilization order. Once the genotype of the offspring was obtained through microsatellite analyses, it was possible to determine the frequency of multiple paternity and to infer the presence of anatomical structures or physiological mechanisms that allow females to undergo cryptic choice processes, which allowed us to hypothesize the existence of post-copula factors that determine reproductive success in a polyandrous system. This paper does not show the presence of physiological mechanisms that allow control of fertilization order in polyandrous females of Chelonia mydas

Osteoprotegerin Polymorphisms in a Mexican Population with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Generalized Osteoporosis: A Preliminary Report

Bone disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex phenomenon where genetic risk factors have been partially evaluated. The system formed by receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK), receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG): RANK/RANKL/OPG is a crucial molecular pathway for coupling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, since OPG is able to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and activation. We aim to evaluate the association between SNPs C950T (rs2073617), C209T (rs3134069), T245G (rs3134070) in the TNFRSF11B (OPG) gene, and osteoporosis in RA. We included 81 women with RA and 52 healthy subjects in a cross-sectional study, genotyped them, and measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. Mean age in RA was 50±12 with disease duration of 12±8 years. According to BMD results, 23 (33.3%) were normal and 46 (66.7%) had osteopenia/osteoporosis. We found a higher prevalence of C allele for C950T SNP in RA. Polymorphisms C209T and T245G did not reach statistical significance in allele distribution. Further studies including patients from other regions of Latin America with a multicenter design to increase the sample size are required to confirm our findings and elucidate if C950T SNP could be associated with osteoporosis in RA

New records of Peters squirrel Sciurus oculatus (Peters 1863) for Michoacán and first molecular genotyping of the species

Capturamos tres ejemplares de la ardilla de Peters (Sciurus oculatus), especie listada en protección especial y endémica del centro de México. Las capturas ocurrieron en fragmentos de bosque de encino del municipio de Huandacareo, Michoacán. Con el registro de esta población se confirma la presencia actual de la especie en el estado, ya que su último registro es de 1986 de un ejemplar colectado en Contepec. La localidad de Huandacareo extiende la distribución conocida de la especie hacia el oeste en 48 km aproximadamente con respecto a su registro más reciente. Al revisar los pocos registros de la especie para el estado, se observó que el registro más occidental de la especie, el de Ziracuaretiro (cerca de Uruapan), no se incluyó en la delimitación de su distribución, por lo que el mapa de distribución conocida debe actualizarse incluyendo todas las localidades, lo que modificaría de forma importante su distribución. Revisando la base de datos de GeneBank, notamos la inexistencia de secuencias de ADN mitocondrial de S. oculatus. En este estudio presentamos las dos primeras secuencias del gen de citocromo b (cytb) provenientes de dos individuos de S. oculatus. Las secuencias fueron comparadas en análisis filogenético con ocho especies del género Sciurus disponibles en GeneBank. En el análisis de las secuencias y árbol de UPGMA que incluyó especies de Norteamérica y de Sudamerica, S. oculatus se agrupó con S. aestuans y S. stramineus de Sudamérica, siendo S. oculatus la especie basal. Es importante que en el futuro se investigue con mayor detalle la relación de la especie en el género Sciurus. Desde la perspectiva de  conservación debe evaluarse su distribución actual en el país. Actualmente se desconoce cuántas poblaciones existen en áreas protegidas de México. La población registrada en Huandacareo parece estar aislada y su hábitat rodeado de agricultura.We captured three individuals of Peter’s squirrel (Sciurus oculatus), species listed under special protection and endemic for central Mexico. The captures occurred on oak forest fragments from Huandacareo municipality, Michoacán. With the record of this population, we confirm the species actual presence for the state, because the last record corresponded to a specimen collected in Contepec in 1986. This locality extends the species known distribution to the west approximately in 48 km from its last known record. When we reviewed the species historical records for the state, we notice that the western-most record of the species, a record from Ziracuaretiro (near to Uruapan), was not included to outline the species global distribution, therefore we consider that the present distributional map should be updated including all the localities, which will modify its distribution considerably. After surveying the GeneBank international database, we noticed that mitocondrial DNA sequences from S. oculatus were inexistent. In this work we presented the first two cytochrome b gene (cytb) sequences from two S. oculatus individuals. The sequences were compared with eight species of the Sciurus genus available in GeneBank. In the sequences analysis and UPGMA tree, which included Sciurus species from NorthAmerica and South America, S. oculatus was clustered with S. aestuans and S. stramineus from South America, resulting S. oculatus the basal species. From the conservation perspective, the species actual presencein the historical localities should be verified. No protected areas in the country are known toinclude Sciurus oculatus populations, and the Huandacareo recorded population seems to be relatively isolated, and its habitat surrounded by agriculture

Elección precopulatoria y conducta copulatoria en cerdos yorkshire, yorklandrace y landrace

Se ha descrito que los cerdos ferales machos (Sus scrofa) son usualmente solitarios pero durante laépoca de apareamiento compiten por el acceso a las hembras y éstas pueden sesgar su elección y copularcon alguno de ellos. A esto se le conoce como elección precopulatoria femenina. Con la finalidad dedeterminar si en condiciones de cautiverio ocurre esta elección, se aparearon 18 hembras multíparas yorklandrace Y/N con tres machos con experiencia pertenecientes a tres razas yorkshire Y/Y, yorklandrace Y/N, y landrace N/N, y se registraron las conductas precopulatorias y copulatorias de ambos sexos. Tambiénse registraron las interacciones entre hembras. Durante la fase precopulatoria el macho Y/N desplegó conmayor frecuencia "mordiscos" (60%) y recibió de las hembras mas atención en términos de tiempo (53.7%),que los otros machos. En cambio, el macho Y/Y desplegó con mayor frecuencia conductas como"castañeteo de dientes" (83.33%), "vocalización" (56.52%) y "trompeo" (64%). El macho N/N desplegó con mayor frecuencia el "olfateo de vagina" (48%). Durante la cópula el macho Y/N desplegó con mayorfrecuencia el "contacto nasovaginal" (41%) y el macho N/N, vocalización (46.9%). Cuatro de las hembras después de la cópula fueron montadas por otras hembras en estro, las primeras expulsaron el tapón vaginal del macho. Los resultados demuestran una fuerte competencia conductual entre los tres machos y sesgo en la elección precopulatoria femenina hacia el macho heterocigotico Y/N. Una posible explicación a estehecho es que tanto los "mordiscos" como las secreciones salivales y prepuciales del macho Y/N fueron percibidas por las hembras como pertenecientes a un macho de buena calidad genética. La expulsión del tapón vaginal de las hembras montadas por otras hembras posiblemente indica una forma de competencia intrasexual, que reduciría las probabilidades de fertilización de las hembras recién copuladas

Evidencias fotográfica, biológica y genética de la presencia actual de jaguaroundi (Puma yagouaroundi) en Michoacán, México Photographic, biological and genetic evidences of the presence of jaguaroundi (Puma yagouaroundi) at the moment in Michoacán, Mexico

El jaguaroundi, a pesar de su amplia distribución neotropical, es uno de los felinos menos estudiados del continente y se carece de estudios genéticos sobre la especie. Para el estado de Michoacán ha existido la sospecha de su presencia y no obstante que sólo se tenía un registro del año 1970, los mapas de distribución de la especie en México incluyen al estado. Combinando métodos de campo (trampas cámara, recolección de campo, transectos) y genotipificación molecular, obtuvimos evidencia fotográfica, biológica y genética que confirma la presencia actual de jaguaroundi (Puma yagouaroundi) en 3 regiones del estado de Michoacán, México. Se obtuvieron 11 registros fotográficos en 7 localidades con bosque tropical y 7 de estos registros, revelaron que la especie está activa principalmente por la tarde, que existen 2 fases de pelaje, predominando la fase clara y que se reproduce en el estado. Con base en las distancias e independencia entre registros de los municipios de Arteaga y Lázaro Cárdenas, se plantea la hipótesis de que la distribución continúa a lo largo de la sierra Madre del Sur y la costa del Pacífico de Michoacán, aunque se desconoce si hay conectividad hacia la depresión del Balsas. Se obtuvieron 2 secuencias de 1089 y 1096 pb del gen de citocromo b que actualmente son las más largas que se han obtenido para la especie en México y el norte del continente. Las secuencias indican que hay 2 haplotipos distintos. La presencia de la especie en 3 regiones y los 2 haplotipos permiten suponer que en Michoacán puede contar con importante diversidad genética, aunque hace falta ampliar el tamaño de muestra para confirmarlo. Las secuencias obtenidas permitirán la comparación con individuos de otras regiones del país para conocer mejor la variabilidad genética en la especie y auxiliarán en la identificación de poblaciones para conservación.The jaguaroundi is one of the least studied felids on the American continent, despite its wide neotropical distribution. Genetic studies concerning the species are also inexistent. For the state of Michoacán, it has always been assumed as present, since the distribution maps for the species in Mexico include the state, but only one record existed from 1970. Combining survey methods (camera traps, skulls and tissue found in the field, and transects) and molecular genotyping, we obtained photographic, biological and genetic evidence that confirms the actual presence of the jaguaroundi (Puma yagouaroundi) in 3 regions of Michoacán, Mexico. Eleven records were obtained from 7 localities that present tropical forests. Seven photographic records revealed that the species main activity period is during the afternoon, that both pelage phases occur in the state with a greater proportion in the clear pelage phase, and that breeding activity occurs in the state. Based on the distance and independence among Arteaga and Lázaro Cárdenas records, we hypothesize a continuous distribution of a population along the Sierra Madre del Sur and Pacific coast of Michoacán. We are unaware if a continuous distribution occurs as well along the Balsas basin. 1 089 and 1 096 pb cytochrome b gene sequences were obtained and constitute the longest sequences reported for the species in Mexico and to the north of the continent. The sequences also revealed the presence of 2 distinct haplotypes. The presence of species in 3 regions and the presence of 2 haplotypes allow us to hipothezise that in Michoacán the species may possess important genetic diversity, although a greater sample size is required for confirmation. The sequences obtained will allow the comparison with individuals from other regions of the country in order to increase the knowledge on the species genetic variability, and will provide support for the identification of populations of conservation interest

Osteoprotegerin Polymorphisms in a Mexican Population with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Generalized Osteoporosis: A Preliminary Report

Bone disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex phenomenon where genetic risk factors have been partially evaluated. The system formed by receptor activator for nuclear factor-B (RANK), receptor activator for nuclear factor-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG): RANK/RANKL/OPG is a crucial molecular pathway for coupling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, since OPG is able to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and activation. We aim to evaluate the association between SNPs C950T (rs2073617), C209T (rs3134069), T245G (rs3134070) in the TNFRSF11B (OPG) gene, and osteoporosis in RA. We included 81 women with RA and 52 healthy subjects in a cross-sectional study, genotyped them, and measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. Mean age in RA was 50 ± 12 with disease duration of 12 ± 8 years. According to BMD results, 23 (33.3%) were normal and 46 (66.7%) had osteopenia/osteoporosis. We found a higher prevalence of C allele for C950T SNP in RA

The Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype Is Associated with Several Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associates with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) such as dyslipidemias and systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality. The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HTWP) identifies increased CVRF; however, information about HTWP on RA is scarce. Objective: To evaluate the association of HTWP with CVRF in RA. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study. Women (125) with RA were included (ACR, 1987). Anthropometry, bioimpedance, body mass index (BMI), disease activity score 28 (DAS28), and health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-Di) were determined. The lipid profile determination includes the atherogenic index (AI) (TC/HDL) and Framingham Risk Score. HTWP is defined as a waist circumference ≥88 cm and triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL. Chi-squared and Student’s t-tests were applied for comparisons. Results: HTWP was found in 38 (30.4%) patients. The subgroup with HTWP had a greater frequency of arterial hypertension (AHT) (57.9 vs. 37.9, p = 0.04), Type 2 DM (23.7 vs. 8.0, p= 0.02), BMI (29.7 ± 3.2, vs. 26.8 ± 4.3, p < 0.001), fat mass (39.3 ± 4.8 vs. 34.7 ± 6.8, p < 0.001), and AI (4.7 ± 1.2 vs. 3.7 ± 1.0, p < 0.001). No differences between DAS28 and HAQ-Di were found. HTWP was associated with the presence of MetS and CVR (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusion: The HTWP in RA is associated with CVRF, and its potential predictive role should be evaluated in longitudinal studies

PADI4 Haplotypes in Association with RA Mexican Patients, a New Prospect for Antigen Modulation

Peptidyl arginine deiminase IV (PAD 4) is the responsible enzyme for a posttranslational modification called citrullination, originating the antigenic determinant recognized by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA). Four SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) have been described in PADI4 gene to form a susceptibility haplotype for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); nevertheless, results in association studies appear contradictory in different populations. The aim of the study was to analyze if the presence of three SNPs in PADI4 gene susceptibility haplotype (GTG) is associated with ACPA positivity in patients with RA. This was a cross-sectional study that included 86 RA patients and 98 healthy controls. Polymorphisms PADI4_89, PADI4_90, and PADI4_92 in the PADI4 gene were genotyped. The susceptibility haplotype (GTG) was more frequent in RA patients; interestingly, we found a new haplotype associated with RA with a higher frequency (GTC). There were no associations between polymorphisms and high scores in Spanish HAQ-DI and DAS-28, but we did find an association between RARBIS index and PADI4_89, PADI4_90 polymorphisms. We could not confirm an association between susceptibility haplotype presence and ACPA positivity. Further evidence about proteomic expression of this gene will determine its participation in antigenic generation and autoimmunity

The Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype Is Associated with Several Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) associates with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) such as dyslipidemias and systemic inflammation. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality. The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HTWP) identifies increased CVRF; however, information about HTWP on RA is scarce. Objective: To evaluate the association of HTWP with CVRF in RA. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study. Women (125) with RA were included (ACR, 1987). Anthropometry, bioimpedance, body mass index (BMI), disease activity score 28 (DAS28), and health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-Di) were determined. The lipid profile determination includes the atherogenic index (AI) (TC/HDL) and Framingham Risk Score. HTWP is defined as a waist circumference ≥88 cm and triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL. Chi-squared and Student’s t-tests were applied for comparisons. Results: HTWP was found in 38 (30.4%) patients. The subgroup with HTWP had a greater frequency of arterial hypertension (AHT) (57.9 vs. 37.9, p = 0.04), Type 2 DM (23.7 vs. 8.0, p= 0.02), BMI (29.7 ± 3.2, vs. 26.8 ± 4.3, p p p p p = 0.012, respectively). Conclusion: The HTWP in RA is associated with CVRF, and its potential predictive role should be evaluated in longitudinal studies