Coordination between the regulation of public limited liability companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Council Regulation on the Statute for an European company in the light of amendments of national legislation on companies

S ciljem uspješne integracije u unutrašnje tržište Europske unije, Bosna i Hercegovina se 16.6.2009., potpisujući Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju, obvezala poduzeti propisane mjere koje će omogućiti uspostavljanje funkcionalnog tržišnog gospodarstva putem osnivanja jedinstvenog ekonomskog prostora temeljenog na četirima slobodama kretanja. Stoga će intenziviranje dosadašnjih napora koji su učinjeni na polju harmonizacije domaćih propisa s komunitarnim biti usmjereno prema usklađivanju propisa statusnog poslovnog prava, ostvarujući jednu od sloboda kretanja – slobodu poslovnog nastana. Samo na taj način priznat će se trgovačka društva osnovana na jedinstvenom ekonomskom prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine, stvarajući konkurentniji položaj na unutrašnjem tržištu EU. Osnovano je pretpostaviti da će osnivanje i poslovanje europskih društava na jedinstvenom ekonomskom prostoru BiH biti odlučujući korak u ostvarenju potpune integracije bosanskohercegovačkog tržišta u unutrašnje tržište nakon što BiH postane država članica. Europsko društvo kao prvi nadnacionalni oblik trgovačkog društva na unutrašnjem tržištu već je pokazalo zavidne komparativne prednosti spram društava reguliranih nacionalnim propisima. U tu svrhu potrebno je utvrditi koje su promjene već izvršene u zakonodavstvu BiH i koliko su učinkovito provedene, te koje korake će biti potrebno učiniti kako bi dioničko društvo u BiH moglo biti osnovano kao europsko društvo koje će uspješno poslovati kako na teritoriju BiH, tako i na teritoriju cijele Europske unije.With the goal of successfully integrating into the internal EU market in mind, by becoming a signatory of Stabilisation and Association Agreement on June 16, 2009, Bosnia and Herzegovina took on the responsibility of undertaking prescribed measures to enable a functional market economy to take roots by establishing a single economic space based on four freedoms of movement. Hence, current efforts to harmonise the local regulations with acquis communautaire will be intensified and attention given to the harmonisation of company law regulations, thus ensuring one of the four mentioned freedoms – the freedom of establishment. This is the only manner in which companies established in the single economic space in BiH can endeavour to be recognised, gaining a more competitive status in the internal EU market.It is reasonable to maintain that establishing European companies and their conducting of business in the single economic space of BaH will prove to be a decisive step towards complete integration of Bosnian market into the internal EU market after BaH becoming a Member State. The first supranational form of company in the internal market, witnessed in the ascent of European company (SE), has already yielded many advantages in comparison to companies governed by national regulations.Acting towards these ends, it is a prerequisite to ascertain what changes have already been done to the national legislation and just how efficiently they have been implemented, followed by determining the next course of action in making it possible for the joint-stock company to be established as a SE capable of successful business activities in BaH, as well as on EU territory

Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi u liječenju cistoidnog makularnog edema

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a significant therapeutic adjunctive tool in the routine and complicated intraocular surgery. Topical NSAIDs prevent intraoperative miosis, reduce pain, postoperative inflammation and incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Although there is no established protocol for prophylaxis of pseudophakic CME, due to the relationship between proinflammatory prostaglandins and CME, using corticosteroids and NSAIDs could prevent CME. NSAIDs have a synergistic antiinflammatory effect with steroids, but can also be used alone when corticosteroid therapy could be harmful. Prospective clinical trials need to define treatment protocol for topical NSAIDs use, due to their powerful influence to prevent perioperative complications.Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (NSAID, engl. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) postali su značajna dodatna terapija u rutinskim i kompliciranim intraokularnim operacijama. Topički NSAID-i sprječavaju intraoperativnu miozu, smanjuju bol, postoperativnu upalu i učestalost cistoidnog makularnog edema (CME). Iako nema uspostavljenog protokola za profilaksu pseudofakičnog CME-a, zbog veze između proupalnih prostaglandina i CME-a primjena topičkih kortikosteroida i topičkih NSAID-a može spriječiti CME. NSAID-i imaju sinergistički protuupalni učinak sa steroidima, ali se mogu upotrijebiti i sami kada bi kortikosteroidna terapija mogla biti rizična. Zbog njihovog snažnog utjecaja na prevenciju perioperativnih komplikacija potrebna su prospektivna klinička istraživanja za definiranje protokola terapijske primjene topičkih NSAID-a

Precipitirajući čimbenici i simptomi u bolesnika s dijabetičkom ketoacidozom

The aim of the study was to determine the most common precipitating factors and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis and the possible difference according to age, gender and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis. Medical records from January 1, 2017 until December 31, 2019 were reviewed and patients diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis were selected. The study included 52 patients, median age 34 (interquartile range 21-56) years. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female gender. The severity of diabetic ketoacidosis was moderate in the majority of cases (65.4%; p=0.005). The most common precipitating factor was infection (61.7%). In patients with moderate diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory infections were more common, while gastrointestinal infections were more common in severe diabetic ketoacidosis (33% and 25%, respectively; p=0.03). Nausea (median age 32 years; p=0.004) and vomiting (median age 31 years; p=0.01) were more common in younger age groups, while altered mental status was more common in the older age group (median age 61 years; p=0.001). Infection was the most common precipitating factor. The most common symptoms in younger age groups were nausea and vomiting, and altered mental status in the older age group.Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi najčešće precipitirajuće čimbenike i simptome dijabetičke ketoacidoze te postoji li razlika s obzirom na dob, spol i stupanj dijabetičke ketoacidoze. Pregledana je medicinska dokumentacija od 1. siječnja 2017. do 31. prosinca 2019. godine te su izdvojeni bolesnici s dijagnozom dijabetičke ketoacidoze. U istraživanje je uključeno 52 bolesnika. Medijan dobi bio je 34 godine (interkvartilni raspon 21-56 godina). Nije postojala statistički značajna razlika muškog i ženskog spola. U najvećem broju slučajeva radilo se o umjerenom stupnju dijabetičke ketoacidoze (65,4%; p=0,005). Najčešći precipitirajući čimbenik bila je infekcija (61,7%). Kod umjerenog stupnja najčešće se radilo o respiracijskim infekcijama, a u teškom stupnju o gastrointestinalnim infekcijama (33% i 25%; p=0,03). U mlađim dobnim skupinama češće su se pojavljivale mučnina (medijan dobi 32 godine; p=0,004) i povraćanje (medijan dobi 31 godina; p=0,01), a u starijoj dobnoj skupini poremećaj svijesti (medijan dobi 61 godina; p=0,001). Infekcije su bile najčešći precipitirajući čimbenik dijabetičke ketoacidoze. Najčešći simptomi u mlađim dobnim skupinama bili su mučnina i povraćanje, a u starijoj dobnoj skupini poremećaj svijesti

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and treatment of cystoid macular edema

Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (NSAID, engl. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) postali su značajna dodatna terapija u rutinskim i kompliciranim intraokularnim operacijama. Topički NSAID-i sprječavaju intraoperativnu miozu, smanjuju bol, postoperativnu upalu i učestalost cistoidnog makularnog edema (CME). Iako nema uspostavljenog protokola za profilaksu pseudofakičnog CME-a, zbog veze između proupalnih prostaglandina i CME-a primjena topičkih kortikosteroida i topičkih NSAID-a može spriječiti CME. NSAID-i imaju sinergistički protuupalni učinak sa steroidima, ali se mogu upotrijebiti i sami kada bi kortikosteroidna terapija mogla biti rizična. Zbog njihovog snažnog utjecaja na prevenciju perioperativnih komplikacija potrebna su prospektivna klinička istraživanja za definiranje protokola terapijske primjene topičkih NSAID-a.Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a significant therapeutic adjunctive tool in the routine and complicated intraocular surgery. Topical NSAIDs prevent intraoperative miosis, reduce pain, postoperative inflammation and incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Although there is no established protocol for prophylaxis of pseudophakic CME, due to the relationship between proinflammatory prostaglandins and CME, using corticosteroids and NSAIDs could prevent CME. NSAIDs have a synergistic antiinflammatory effect with steroids, but can also be used alone when corticosteroid therapy could be harmful. Prospective clinical trials need to define treatment protocol for topical NSAIDs use, due to their powerful influence to prevent perioperative complications

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and treatment of cystoid macular edema

Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (NSAID, engl. nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) postali su značajna dodatna terapija u rutinskim i kompliciranim intraokularnim operacijama. Topički NSAID-i sprječavaju intraoperativnu miozu, smanjuju bol, postoperativnu upalu i učestalost cistoidnog makularnog edema (CME). Iako nema uspostavljenog protokola za profilaksu pseudofakičnog CME-a, zbog veze između proupalnih prostaglandina i CME-a primjena topičkih kortikosteroida i topičkih NSAID-a može spriječiti CME. NSAID-i imaju sinergistički protuupalni učinak sa steroidima, ali se mogu upotrijebiti i sami kada bi kortikosteroidna terapija mogla biti rizična. Zbog njihovog snažnog utjecaja na prevenciju perioperativnih komplikacija potrebna su prospektivna klinička istraživanja za definiranje protokola terapijske primjene topičkih NSAID-a.Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become a significant therapeutic adjunctive tool in the routine and complicated intraocular surgery. Topical NSAIDs prevent intraoperative miosis, reduce pain, postoperative inflammation and incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Although there is no established protocol for prophylaxis of pseudophakic CME, due to the relationship between proinflammatory prostaglandins and CME, using corticosteroids and NSAIDs could prevent CME. NSAIDs have a synergistic antiinflammatory effect with steroids, but can also be used alone when corticosteroid therapy could be harmful. Prospective clinical trials need to define treatment protocol for topical NSAIDs use, due to their powerful influence to prevent perioperative complications

Cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery

Cistoidni makularni edem komplikacija je nakon operacije katarakte i najčešći je uzrok loše vidne oštrine nakon operacije katarakte. Različiti su patofiziološki mehanizmi nastanka makularnog edema, ali najčešće se dovodi u vezu s postoperativnom upalom pri kojoj se oslobađaju medijatori upale i dovode do nakupljanja tekućine u području makule. Protuupalni lijekovi, uključujući steroide i nesteroidne antireumatike, imaju veliku ulogu u profilaksi i terapiji cistoidnog makularnog edema. U ovom preglednom članku prikazani su najnoviji stavovi o patogenetskom mehanizmu nastanka edema, rizičnim faktorima, profilaksi i terapiji, proizišli iz istraživanja i kliničke prakse.Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) is the most common complication of cataract surgery and is one of the possible causes of low visual acuity after cataract surgery. Various factors are implicated in its development but the core mechanism is likely surgically induced anterior segment inflammation that results in the release of endogenous inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory medicines, including steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, are postulated as having a role in both the prophylaxis and treatment of PCME. This article presents an updated review on the pathogenesis, risk factors, prophylaxis and treatment in PCME that reflect current research and practice

Cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery

Cistoidni makularni edem komplikacija je nakon operacije katarakte i najčešći je uzrok loše vidne oštrine nakon operacije katarakte. Različiti su patofiziološki mehanizmi nastanka makularnog edema, ali najčešće se dovodi u vezu s postoperativnom upalom pri kojoj se oslobađaju medijatori upale i dovode do nakupljanja tekućine u području makule. Protuupalni lijekovi, uključujući steroide i nesteroidne antireumatike, imaju veliku ulogu u profilaksi i terapiji cistoidnog makularnog edema. U ovom preglednom članku prikazani su najnoviji stavovi o patogenetskom mehanizmu nastanka edema, rizičnim faktorima, profilaksi i terapiji, proizišli iz istraživanja i kliničke prakse.Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) is the most common complication of cataract surgery and is one of the possible causes of low visual acuity after cataract surgery. Various factors are implicated in its development but the core mechanism is likely surgically induced anterior segment inflammation that results in the release of endogenous inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory medicines, including steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, are postulated as having a role in both the prophylaxis and treatment of PCME. This article presents an updated review on the pathogenesis, risk factors, prophylaxis and treatment in PCME that reflect current research and practice

Cistoidni makularni edem nakon operacije katarakte

Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) is the most common complication of cataract surgery and is one of the possible causes of low visual acuity after cataract surgery. Various factors are implicated in its development but the core mechanism is likely surgically induced anterior segment inflammation that results in the release of endogenous inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory medicines, including steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, are postulated as having a role in both the prophylaxis and treatment of PCME. This article presents an updated review on the pathogenesis, risk factors, prophylaxis and treatment in PCME that reflect current research and practice.Cistoidni makularni edem komplikacija je nakon operacije katarakte i najčešći je uzrok loše vidne oštrine nakon operacije katarakte. Različiti su patofiziološki mehanizmi nastanka makularnog edema, ali najčešće se dovodi u vezu s postoperativnom upalom pri kojoj se oslobađaju medijatori upale i dovode do nakupljanja tekućine u području makule. Protuupalni lijekovi, uključujući steroide i nesteroidne antireumatike, imaju veliku ulogu u profilaksi i terapiji cistoidnog makularnog edema. U ovom preglednom članku prikazani su najnoviji stavovi o patogenetskom mehanizmu nastanka edema, rizičnim faktorima, profilaksi i terapiji, proizišli iz istraživanja i kliničke prakse

Precipitating Factors and Symptoms in Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

The aim of the study was to determine the most common precipitating factors and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis and the possible difference according to age, gender and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis. Medical records from January 1, 2017 until December 31, 2019 were reviewed and patients diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis were selected. The study included 52 patients, median age 34 (interquartile range 21-56) years. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female gender. The severity of diabetic ketoacidosis was moderate in the majority of cases (65.4%; p=0.005). The most common precipitating factor was infection (61.7%). In patients with moderate diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory infections were more common, while gastrointestinal infections were more common in severe diabetic ketoacidosis (33% and 25%, respectively; p=0.03). Nausea (median age 32 years; p=0.004) and vomiting (median age 31 years; p=0.01) were more common in younger age groups, while altered mental status was more common in the older age group (median age 61 years; p=0.001). Infection was the most common precipitating factor. The most common symptoms in younger age groups were nausea and vomiting, and altered mental status in the older age group