America and Reconsruction

Reconstruction has variously been termed repressive. . . uncivilized and a sordid time as well as a noble experiment. Reflected in those judgments of the era is the dispute over the effects of Reconstruction. To be more correct, one might say that there has been much conjecture in determining what, in fact, Reconstruction was. Questioned also has been the role of the black man during the period; much of what he did, or was responsible for, has, like Reconstruction itself, been subject to many and varied accounts and evaluations. The intent of this paper is to examine several volumes concerned with blacks during Reconstruction and to reflect upon the worth of those studies

Judicial Review of Parole Release Decisionmaking

An inmate at a federal penal institution is entitled only to be released after full service of his sentence less good time earned during incarceration. He or she is not entitled to parole, for parole is not a right but a privilege, a matter of legislative grace . The United States Board of Parole has absolute discretion in deciding whether and when to grant parole. The judiciary will not interfere with the Board, as courts are without power to grant a parole or to determine judicially eligibility for parole. And since the Board is statutorily authorized to exercise broad discretion, and its conclusions . . . are based upon numerous determinations of fact, and, more important, judgment, which in turn are influenced by personal observations that cannot be brought before a reviewing court, a hands off approach to judicial review of parole release decisionmaking has seemed warranted. If, however, the above reasoning can be demonstrated to be invalid, and other forces militating toward a hands off policy are shown to be less than compelling, then non-reviewability of Board determinations would be neither desirable nor possible

Depth-2 QAC circuits cannot simulate quantum parity

We show that the quantum parity gate on $n > 3$ qubits cannot be cleanly simulated by a quantum circuit with two layers of arbitrary C-SIGN gates of any arity and arbitrary 1-qubit unitary gates, regardless of the number of allowed ancilla qubits. This is the best known and first nontrivial separation between the parity gate and circuits of this form. The same bounds also apply to the quantum fanout gate. Our results are incomparable with those of Fang et al. [3], which apply to any constant depth but require a sublinear number of ancilla qubits on the simulating circuit.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figure

Automated Tradeoff Analysis of Cost Versus Machinability for Design Feedback

As CAD tools become more sophisticated, engineers are able to more easily create complex part geometries with minimal mass given strength and stiffness requirements. However, these complex part geometries can be difficult to subtractively manufacture, which consequently increases manufacturing cost and production time. This thesis presents a method independent of CAD kernels for use early in the design process to automatically evaluate a given part's machinability and to provide visual geometric additions that decrease manufacturing cost while maintaining the part's strength and stiffness requirements. Slicing a single part into multiple sub-parts, which are joined together after undergoing pre-machining, offers additional possibilities for cost reduction and machinability improvement by utilizing smaller stock material that requires fewer machining operations. The resulting part geometry for each candidate is determined by intersecting the machinable geometries for each individual machine setup, and may have some amount of added volume over the as-designed part. Evaluating and culling candidates based on two objectives (added volume and cost) provides the design engineer with a set of Pareto-optimal solutions that show where material can be added to reduce manufacturing costs. These methods are implemented and tested on five example parts to demonstrate their capability and utility

Aluminum sulfate significantly reduces the skin test response to common allergens in sensitized patients

BACKGROUND: Avoidance of allergens is still recommended as the first and best way to prevent allergic illnesses and their comorbid diseases. Despite a variety of attempts there has been very limited success in the area of environmental control of allergic disease. Our objective was to identify a non-invasive, non-pharmacological method to reduce indoor allergen loads in atopic persons' homes and public environments. We employed a novel in vivo approach to examine the possibility of using aluminum sulfate to control environmental allergens. METHODS: Fifty skin test reactive patients were simultaneously skin tested with conventional test materials and the actions of the protein/glycoprotein modifier, aluminum sulfate. Common allergens, dog, cat, dust mite, Alternaria, and cockroach were used in the study. RESULTS: Skin test reactivity was significantly reduced by the modifier aluminum sulfate. Our studies demonstrate that the effects of histamine were not affected by the presence of aluminum sulfate. In fact, skin test reactivity was reduced independent of whether aluminum sulfate was present in the allergen test material or removed prior to testing, indicating that the allergens had in some way been inactivated. CONCLUSION: Aluminum sulfate was found to reduce the in vivo allergic reaction cascade induced by skin testing with common allergens. The exact mechanism is not clear but appears to involve the alteration of IgE-binding epitopes on the allergen. Our results indicate that it may be possible to diminish the allergenicity of an environment by application of the active agent aluminum sulfate, thus producing environmental control without complete removal of the allergen

An Alumni survey of the School of Social Work, Portland State University

The alumni survey conducted at Portland State University School of Social Work by second year students had two purposes. One purpose was to fulfill the research practicum requirements of a Masters of Social Work degree by providing experience in the area of applied survey research. The other was to provide a data base for future alumni research at the school

Temperature dependent high speed dynamics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers

Terahertz frequency quantum cascade lasers offer a potentially vast number of new applications. To better understand and apply these lasers, a device-specific modeling method was developed that realistically predicts optical output power under changing current drive and chip temperature. Model parameters are deduced from the self-consistent solution of a full set of rate equations, obtained from energy-balance Schro ̈dinger-Poisson scattering transport calculations. The model is thus derived from first principles, based on the device structure, and is therefore not a generic or phenomenological model that merely imitates expected device behavior. By fitting polynomials to data arrays representing the rate equation parameters, we are able to significantly condense the model, improving memory usage and computational efficiency

An insight into the reproductive biology of the bearded goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus

Preliminary results obtained from histological analyses of the male reproductive organs, supplemented with field and behavioural data, indicate that Sufflogobius bibarbatus, a small, slow growing gobiid exhibiting low fecundity, which plays an important role in the food web off Namibia, where large areas of the shelf are hypoxic, spawns demersally. Large males defend benthic nests, possibly at the edge of the hypoxic shelf. Male reproductive strategy appears to be flexible, and tentative evidence to suggest that polygyny and sneaking may also occur is presented.Web of Scienc

Operationalizing Critical Race Theory in the Marketplace

Race is integral to the functioning and ideological underpinnings of marketplace actions yet remains undertheorized in marketing. To understand and transform the insidious ways in which race operates, the authors examine its impact in marketplaces and how these effects are shaped by intersecting forms of systemic oppression. They introduce critical race theory (CRT) to the marketing community as a useful framework for understanding consumers, consumption, and contemporary marketplaces. They outline critical theory traditions as utilized in marketing and specify the particular role of CRT as a lens through which scholars can understand marketplace dynamics. The authors delineate key CRT tenets and how they may shape the way scholars conduct research, teach, and influence practice in the marketing discipline. To clearly highlight CRT’s overall potential as a robust analytical tool in marketplace studies, the authors elaborate on the application of artificial intelligence to consumption markets. This analysis demonstrates how CRT can support an enhanced understanding of the role of race in markets and lead to a more equitable version of the marketplace than what currently exists. Beyond mere procedural modifications, applying CRT to marketplace studies mandates a paradigm shift in how marketplace equity is understood and practiced

Photolabile Linkers for Solid-Phase Synthesis

Photolabile linkers are the subjects of intense research because they allow the release of the target molecule simply by irradiation. Photochemical release of synthesis products is often facilitated without additional reagents under mild reaction conditions, which may even be environmentally friendly and appealing in the context of greener chemistry. The mild conditions also allow for applications of released material in subsequent biological screening experiments, where contamination with cleavage reagents would be detrimental. This Review pays attention to the increasing number of photolabile linkers developed for solid-phase synthesis and release and covers: (i) o-nitrobenzyloxy linkers, (ii) o-nitrobenzylamino linkers, (iii) α-substituted o-nitrobenzyl linkers, (iv) o-nitroveratryl linkers, (v) phenacyl linkers, (vi) p-alkoxyphenacyl linkers, (vii) benzoin linkers, (viii) pivaloyl linkers, and (ix) other photolabile linkers