Antitoxin activity of Mimosa pudica root extracts against Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms

Aqueous extract of dried roots of Mimosa pudica was tested for inhibitory activity on lethality, phospholipase activity, edema forming activity, fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity of Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms. The aqueous extract displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the lethality, phospholipase activity, edema forming activity, fibrinolytic activity and hemorrhagic activity. About 0.14 mg and 0.16 mg of M. pudica extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal activity of 2LD50 of Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms respectively. The present finding suggests that aqueous extract of M. pudica root possesses compounds, which inhibit the activity of Naja naja and Bangarus caerulus venoms

Antitoxin activity of Mimosa pudica root extracts against Naja naja

and Bangarus caerulus venom

Effects of multi-deficiencies-diet on bone parameters of peripheral bone in ovariectomized mature rat.

Many postmenopausal women have vitamin D and calcium deficiency. Therefore, vitamin D and calcium supplementation is recommended for all patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. We used an experimental rat model to test the hypothesis that induction of osteoporosis is more efficiently achieved in peripheral bone through combining ovariectomy with a unique multi-deficiencies diet (vitamin D depletion and deficient calcium, vitamin K and phosphorus). 14-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats served as controls to examine the initial bone status. 11 rats were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) and fed with multi-deficiencies diet. Three months later the treated group and the Sham group (n = 8) were euthanized. Bone biomechanical competence of the diaphyseal bone was examined on both, tibia and femur. Image analysis was performed on tibia via µCT, and on femur via histological analysis. Lower torsional stiffness indicated inferior mechanical competence of the tibia in 3 month OVX+Diet. Proximal metaphyseal region of the tibia showed a diminished bone tissue portion to total tissue in the µCT despite the increased total area as evaluated in both µCT and histology. Cortical bone showed higher porosity and smaller cross sectional thickness of the tibial diaphysis in the OVX+Diet rats. A lower ALP positive area and elevated serum level of RANKL exhibited the unbalanced cellular interaction in bone remodeling in the OVX+Diet rat after 3 month of treatment. Interestingly, more adipose tissue area in bone marrow indicated an effect of bone loss similar to that observed in osteoporotic patients. Nonetheless, the presence of osteoid and elevated serum level of PTH, BGP and Opn suggest the development of osteomalacia rather than an osteoporosis. As the treatment and fracture management of both osteoporotic and osteomalacia patients are clinically overlapping, this study provides a preclinical animal model to be utilized in local supplementation of minerals, drugs and growth factors in future fracture healing studies

Qualitative analysis of trabecular bone shows inferior bone quality resulting from multi-deficiencies diet combined with bilateral ovariectomy in rats after 3

<p> <b>M.</b> (A) BV/TV showed how bone tissue is affected within the total volume; these results suggest that at 3 M the treatment results in less mineralized tissue in OVX+Diet when compared to the 3 M Sham. (B) Structure Model Index (SMI) indicated the trabecular shape change at 3 M in the OVX+Diet group. (C) Tb. N was lower in the 3 M OVX+Diet group compared to the Sham group. (D) Higher trabecular separation in the OVX+Diet group when compared to the Sham after 3 M of treatment. (* = p≤0.05, one-way ANOVA with bonferroni correction, 0 M, n = 8; 1 M, n = 3 per group; 3 M n = 8 per group).</p

Biochemical markers reflect the bone metabolism.

<p>(A–D) Opn, BGP, RANKL, and PTH concentration in serum was higher in the 3 M OVX+Diet than the 3 M Sham. (D -F) lower concentrations of TRAP5b and leptin were seen in the OVX+Diet at 3 M compared to the Sham group. (* = (p≤0.05), Mann Whitney U with bonferroni correction, n = 8 per group).</p

Biomechanical testing of tibia and femur of the ovariectomized rat after three months of multi-deficient diet treatment.

<p>(A) Ultimate torque at failure shows no significance between the groups at 3 M. (B) Tibia of treated rats showed lower torsional stiffness compared with the Sham operated rats. (C) Breaking load of the femur shows an increased needed load to break the femur of treated animals at 3 M. (D) Bending stiffness of the femur showed no significant difference between the treatment group and the Sham group. (* = p≤0.05, Mann Whitney U with bonferroni correction, n = 8 per group).</p

A chart depicting the work plan and experimental design.

<p>Female Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized for this experiment, 10 of which were sacrificed, analysis on these animals were carried out to obtain an initial bone status. Eleven animals were then ovariectomized (OVX), and another eleven rats were Sham operated (Sham) and animals were left to recover for two weeks. After recovery OVX animals were given a multi-deficiencies-diet where Sham animals received a standard diet. One month (1 M) and three months (3 M) after dietary treatment begun, 3 and 8 animals were sacrificed, respectively. Rats were scanned by DEXA at every time point and DEXA results were reported elsewhere. Besides DEXA, at 1 M only µCT analysis was performed on the left tibia. At both 0 M and 3 M Left tibia was analyzed in µCT before performing undecalcified histology; right femur and right tibia were tested biomechanically, and right femur was used for decalcified histology.</p

Unbalanced cellular populations contribute in 3 M OVX+Diet bone alteration.

<p>(A+B) 3 M OVX+Diet showed less activity of osteoblasts at the trabecular area when compared with 3 M Sham animals suggesting a lower bone formation. (C+D) Osteoclasts number at trabecular surface of OVX+Diet showed a higher trend than in the Sham group at 3 M indicating an increased bone resorption caused by the treatment. (* = (p≤0.05), Mann Whitney U with bonferroni correction, n = 3 per group 15 microscopic fields, scale bar = 5 mm, Tb = trabecular bone, OB = osteoblasts, OC = osteoclasts).</p