Perceptions of Graduates from a Canadian Bachelor of Nursing Program: Preparing for the Registered Nurse National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN) (Perceptions des diplômées d’un programme canadien de baccalauréat en sciences infirmières : préparation à l’examen pour infirmières autorisées du National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN)

Perceptions of Graduates from a Canadian Bachelor of Nursing Program: Preparing for the Registered Nurse National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN) As a self-regulated profession, nursing in Canada is based on legislation enacted by provincial and territorial associations with the purpose of protecting the public from harm (Marquis & Trajan, 2012). Since 1970 most Canadian jurisdictions required completion of national examinations to obtain professional licensure (Elliott, Rutty & Villeneuve, 2013; Kovner & Spetz, 2013). In 2011 the Canadian Council of Registered Nurse Regulators (CCRNR) announced the Canadian Registered Nurse Examination (CRNE) would be replaced with the National Council Licensure Examination-Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) developed in the United States as the new requirement for registered nurses (RN) to enter practice in Canada. The implementation of the NCLEX-RN in 2015 stimulated extensive dialogue among nursing stakeholders in Canada. Preliminary exam results indicated that the first cohort of Canadian NCLEX-RN writers had lower scores than both previous CRNE results and the NCLEX-RN pass rates of writers in the United States (Hobbins & Bradley, 2013; PennellSebekos, 2015). A key factor impacting NCLEX-RN success is strategies used by candidates to prepare for the exam. This paper describes research undertaken to investigate the perceptions of the first cohort of graduates from an Atlantic Canada Bachelor of Nursing (BN) program about their NCLEX-RN preparations. The investigation focused on strategies employed by participants prior to, and after program completion, and how these preparations aligned with their experiences in writing the exam. Résumé La profession infirmière au Canada étant autorégulée, elle se fonde sur la législation adoptée par les ordres professionnels des provinces et territoires afin de protéger le public de tout danger (Marquis & Trajan, 2012). Depuis 1970, la plupart des autorités canadiennes en la matière exigent la réussite d’un examen national en vue de l’obtention du permis d’exercer professionnellement (Elliott, Rutty & Villeneuve, 2013; Kovner & Spetz, 2013). En 2011, le Conseil canadien des organismes de réglementation de la profession infirmière (CCORPI) a annoncé que l’Examen d’autorisation infirmière au Canada (EAIC) serait remplacé par l’examen américain pour infirmières autorisées du National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN), à titre de nouvelle exigence d’entrée dans la pratique des infirmières autorisées au Canada. L’implantation du NCLEX-RN, en 2015, a engendré de nombreuses discussions parmi les diverses parties prenantes du domaine infirmier au pays. Les résultats de l’examen préliminaire indiquaient que la première cohorte de diplômées canadiennes à passer le NCLEX-RN a obtenu des notes inférieures aux deux EAIC précédents et un taux plus faible de réussite que les candidates américaines au NCLEX-RN (Hobbins & Bradley, 2013; Pennell-Sebekos, 2015). Un facteur essentiel de réussite du NCLEX-RN est le suivant: les stratégies adoptées par les candidates pour se préparer à l’examen. Cet article décrit la recherche entreprise pour examiner les perceptions de la première cohorte de diplômées d’un programme de baccalauréat en sciences infirmières dans la région atlantique en ce qui concerne leur préparation à l’examen NCLEX-RN. La recherche portait sur les stratégies employées par les participantes avant et après la fin de leur programme, et sur le parallèle entre cette préparation et leur expérience en cours d’examen

The Role of E-Books in the Future of the Supply Chain of the Publishing Industry

The intent of this paper is to explore the future role of ebooks in the publishing industry. Emphasis is put on the impact it has on the supply chain of the industry. Issues dealing with the legal ramifications and financial implications, such as sales taxes, will also be addressed. The first section describes characteristics of e-books and the current developments in e-books from the consumer’s point of view. With the handling of the content of publications in digital form, intellectual property rights will become more complex and will require new regulations to deal with the new medium. These and other related legal issues are addressed in the third section. With the likelihood of utilizing the Internet for the distribution of the e-book to consumers, the collection of sales taxes will be difficult for government agencies to handle. The situation will be further complicated due to the globalization of the market place. Which policies are in effect, how will they are enforced, and who are responsible for their collection are emerging issues that will need to be addressed in the global and local arenas. Then it will be followed by the impact it has on the supply chain of the industry. For example, one of the benefits of ebooks is the reduction of logistical costs throughout the supply chain. Also, due to the ease of distribution, there most likely will be consolidation of certain levels within the supply chain. It may trigger a shift of competitive power among the various levels. The likely scenario of the future business environment of the publishing industry is discussed in the concluding section

Long-term culture captures injury-repair cycles of colonic stem cells

The colonic epithelium can undergo multiple rounds of damage and repair, often in response to excessive inflammation. The responsive stem cell that mediates this process is unclear, in part because of a lack of in vitro models that recapitulate key epithelial changes that occur in vivo during damage and repair. Here, we identify a Hop

Identification of a Bacterial Type III Effector Family with G Protein Mimicry Functions

SummaryMany bacterial pathogens use the type III secretion system to inject “effector” proteins into host cells. Here, we report the identification of a 24 member effector protein family found in pathogens including Salmonella, Shigella, and enteropathogenic E. coli. Members of this family subvert host cell function by mimicking the signaling properties of Ras-like GTPases. The effector IpgB2 stimulates cellular responses analogous to GTP-active RhoA, whereas IpgB1 and Map function as the active forms of Rac1 and Cdc42, respectively. These effectors do not bind guanine nucleotides or have sequences corresponding the conserved GTPase domain, suggesting that they are functional but not structural mimics. However, several of these effectors harbor intracellular targeting sequences that contribute to their signaling specificities. The activities of IpgB2, IpgB1, and Map are dependent on an invariant WxxxE motif found in numerous effectors leading to the speculation that they all function by a similar molecular mechanism

The Alcohol Environment Protocol: A new tool for alcohol policy

Introduction and Aim  To report data on the implementation of alcohol policies regarding availability and marketing, and drink driving, along with ratings of enforcement from two small high-income to three high-middle income countries, and one low-middle income country.  Method  This study uses the Alcohol Environment Protocol, an International Alcohol Control study research tool, which documents the alcohol policy environment by standardised collection of data from administrative sources, observational studies and interviews with key informants to allow for cross-country comparison and change over time.  Results  All countries showed adoption to varying extents of key effective policy approaches outlined in the World Health Organization Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol (2010). High-income countries were more likely to allocate resources to enforcement. However, where enforcement and implementation were high, policy on availability was fairly liberal. Key Informants judged alcohol to be very available in both high- and middle-income countries, reflecting liberal policy in the former and less implementation and enforcement and informal (unlicensed) sale of alcohol in the latter. Marketing was largely unrestricted in all countries and while drink-driving legislation was in place, it was less well enforced in middle-income countries.  Conclusion  In countries with fewer resources, alcohol policies are less effective because of lack of implementation and enforcement and, in the case of marketing, lack of regulation. This has implications for the increase in consumption taking place as a result of the expanding distribution and marketing of commercial alcohol and consequent increases in alcohol-related harm

Black Rap 2020 v.1 issue 2

https://publications.lakeforest.edu/black_rap/1001/thumbnail.jp

Integrated Reconnaissance of the Physical and Biogeochemical Characteristics of Jamaica Bay

Researchers at The Earth Institute of Columbia University have carried out an integrated, coordinated pilot reconnaissance of the physical, chemical, geological, and biological systems within Jamaica Bay, entitled "Integrated Reconnaissance of the Physical and Biogeochemical Characteristics of Jamaica Bay." We believe that such an integrated approach is necessary to fully understand the complex inter-relationship of the wetland ecosystem. The program focused on obtaining a synergistic view of the varied elements of Jamaica Bay by carrying out coordinated research in four areas: submarine sediment morphology, sediment and soil sampling, circulation and mixing, and chemical analysis of the Bay waters

EST assembly supported by a draft genome sequence: an analysis of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transcriptome

Clustering and assembly of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) constitute the basis for most genomewide descriptions of a transcriptome. This approach is limited by the decline in sequence quality toward the end of each EST, impacting both sequence clustering and assembly. Here, we exploit the available draft genome sequence of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to guide clustering and to correct errors in the ESTs. We have grouped all available EST and cDNA sequences into 12 063 ACEGs (assembly of contiguous ESTs based on genome) and generated 15 857 contigs of average length 934 nt. We predict that roughly 3000 of our contigs represent full-length transcripts. Compared to previous assemblies, ACEGs show extended contig length, increased accuracy and a reduction in redundancy. Because our assembly protocol also uses ESTs with no corresponding genomic sequences, it provides sequence information for genes interrupted by sequence gaps. Detailed analysis of randomly sampled ACEGs reveals several hundred putative cases of alternative splicing, many overlapping transcription units and new genes not identified by gene prediction algorithms. Our protocol, although developed for and tailored to the C. reinhardtii dataset, can be exploited by any eukaryotic genome project for which both a draft genome sequence and ESTs are available