Medicamentos de Uso Ambulatorio en Pediatría. Aportes del Tecnologo en Regencia de Farmacia.

128 Hojas.Describir las características del uso de medicamentos por pacientes pediátricos y el Rol del Tecnólogo en Regencia de Farmacia en la promoción de su adecuada utilización. • Identificar los aspectos fisiológicos que pueden modificar la farmacocinética y la farmacodinamia de los medicamentos en población pediátrica. • Describir los riesgos derivados del uso ambulatorio de medicamentos por pacientes pediátricos. • Identificar estrategias por parte del Tecnólogo en Regencia de Farmacia para gestionar el riesgo derivado del uso de medicamentos ambulatorios en población pediátrica.Resultado Final para Obtener el Título de Tecnólogo en Regencia de Farmacia, Monografia (Tecnología en Regencia de Farmacia). Universidad de los Llanos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Tecnología en Regencia de Farmacia, 2019.PregradoTecnología en Regencia de Farmaci

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Confinement experiences : informative stories

Experiencias de confinamiento reúne diferentes relatos sobre las prácticas cotidianas que marcaron o transformaron nuestras vidas a causa de la pandemia de la COVID-19, y que permitieron la exploración de nuevos aprendizajes, hábitos y habilidades. En este libro, profesores, estudiantes y egresados relatan las experiencias, miedos y pensamientos que los acompañaron durante el confinamiento y, así mismo, reflexionan acerca de la adaptación a las clases virtuales, al teletrabajo y a una nueva cotidianidad. Estos relatos son el producto de experiencias personales que apelan a vivencias compartidas mediante un lenguaje que interviene los esquemas de la escritura académica para que los sentimientos, las experiencias de vida y las reflexiones fluyan a través de la escritura.Bogot

XIV Jornada de Investigación 2023

Eje temático I: derecho, cultura y sociedad: En este eje tamático, se presentan ponencias que tienen como propósito analizar y explicar críticamente, a través de la investigación científica y desde el enfoque interdisciplinar, los derechos humanos, el proceso de estructuración de La convivencia y la equidad en la vivencia de los derechos; los valores, las costumbres, las normas, los estilos de vida, el uso de artefactos y la organización social; los procesos de desarrollo espiritual, de conocimiento científico, de desarrollo tecnológico y estético, y la convivencia y sus implicaciones en lo público y lo privado. Eje temático II: desarrollo humano y sostenible. El segundo eje temático que abordó la XII Jornada de Investigación fue desarrollo humano y sostenible, con ponencias que abarcaron todos aquellos aspectos que van, desde el desarrollo y bienestar individual, pasando por los estudios de las comunidades, para llegar a una comprensión global de la sostenibilidad como un factor determinante de existencia de las sociedades. Eje temático III: gestión y tecnología al servicio de la sociedad. Finalmente, en la XII Jornada de Investigación, se trabajóel eje temático gestión y tecnología al servicio de la sociedad, en el cual se presentaron, desde las diferentes disciplinas, ponencias que aportaron al campo del desarrollo productivo y a la solución de los problemas de la sociedad a través de las oportunidades que una buena gestión y un apropiado uso de la tecnología ofrece. (Tomado de la Fuente)EJE TEMÁTICO I: DERECHO, CULTURA Y SOCIEDAD La respuesta económica a la pandemia dentro del Estado social de derecho colombiano. Los espacios intermediarios como contenedores de experiencias significativas. Análisis del estilo lingüístico aplicado a la psicología jurídica. ¿Dejar o transformar? Cinco puntos para entender la ciudad contemporánea. Studiositas y verdad en la educación centrada en la persona. Los derechos de autor en el contrato de trabajo y de prestación de servicios. Afectación de los derechos sexuales reproductivos femeninos durante el conflicto armado en Colombia. Problemas del acceso a la justicia del campesinado de los páramos de Sumapaz y Santurbán. Vulneración del derecho al agua potable en La Guajira: una falta de garantías. Derechos humanos e inteligencia militar: el dilema de la primacía del interés general sobre el particular. Cuantificación del dolor humano por parte de la justicia colombiana. Retos tecnológicos en el derecho vs. Limitaciones en Colombia en las poblaciones más vulnerables. Construir identidad territorial a través del corredor socioambiental Los Nevados. La naturaleza en la arquitectura: una mirada a la arquitectura del siglo XX. Contrato de trabajo del futbolista profesional. La baja educación en las zonas rurales por consecuencia del conflicto armado y la corrupción en el Estado colombiano. Incidentes de la migración venezolana en el ámbito normativo nacional colombiano e internacional. Legalización definitiva del consumo adulto del cannabis en Colombia: un debate jurídico y constitucional. Wawamia jai, síndrome propio de la cultura: una caracterización de los signos y síntomas de una enfermedad cultural del pueblo indígena emberá-katío. La cruda realidad del reclutamiento de niños, niñas y adolescentes en el conflicto armado en Colombia: una visión nacional e internacional. EJE TEMÁTICO II: DESARROLLO HUMANO Y SOSTENIBLE Migración venezolana en Colombia: perspectiva crítica sobre el derecho de acceso a la salud. El estrés laboral. Una imagen no es tradición: la actualidad de la vivienda raizal en el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. Aprendizajes del proceso de diseño basado en la investigación: caso de estudio barrio Concepción Norte, Bogotá, Colombia. Sumapaz como territorio potencial hídrico y patrimonio paisajístico y cultural: modelo de región sostenible. Revisión sistemática del liderazgo digital desde las competencias digitales. Intervenciones psicológicas basadas en evidencia: tendencias actuales. Herramientas pedagógicas para la concientización de la comunidad a partir del reconocimiento de la memoria histórica en el barrio San Benito, Bogotá, Colombia. Diseño sostenible como factor diferencial en la reconversión industrial de las curtiembres en el barrio San Benito, Bogotá, Colombia. Motivación escolar como factor relacionado con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes en extraedad en la Institución Educativa Distrital República de México, sede B, jornada mañana. La realidad de los objetos artificiales. Performance en nuestro diario vivir. ¿Es necesario la modificación del lugar para satisfacer las necesidades del ser humano? ¿Es necesario hacer modificaciones al espacio natural para generar cultura? La arquitectura como síntesis entre los objetos con propósito o sin él. La creación de los objetos y sus impactos en el mundo. ¿Cuáles son los determinantes de las brechas de competencia laboral en el departamento de Cundinamarca, Colombia? Buenas prácticas de habitabilidad. Reconocimiento de la arquitectura doméstica tradicional en Colombia como una pauta de identidad para el diseño de nuevas viviendas. Validación de un instrumento para evaluar la procrastinación académica. Escala de medición de la soledad BATAN. Contraste entre el instrumento para medir la resiliencia en adultos jóvenes de Colombia (CLANP) con CD-RISC 10. Finlandia y naturaleza: país modelo en ratificación de normas y tratados para la protección de los derechos de la naturaleza. EJE TEMÁTICO III: GESTIÓN Y TECNOLOGÍA AL SERVICIO DE LA SOCIEDAD Aplicación de una tecnología limpia desde el diseño resiliente: simulación de un módulo básico de vivienda social en la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia. Recorrido virtual de la Universidad Católica de Colombia Sede Claustro para la inducción de estudiantes y docentes. Evaluación de eficiencia de un prototipo de un sistema de atrapanieblas tipo NRP 3.0 para la vereda Gaunza Arriba, municipio de Guateque, departamento de Boyacá, Colombia. Sistema de Información para la Coordinación de Trabajos de Grado del Programa de Ingeniería de Sistemas de la Universidad Católica de Colombia (SIGETG). Estrategias de sostenibilidad para la reducción de la huella hídrica en la vivienda de la Costa Caribe. Sistema de evaluación de resultados de aprendizaje de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Católica de Colombia. Identificación de tendencias en la implementación de DevOps a partir de una revisión sistemática. Desarrollo de un algoritmo de trading para operar el mercado de divisas a través de ondas de Elliott y números de Fibonacci. Los derechos humanos en el espacio de la inteligencia artificial. Construcción de paz a través del ciberactivismo en redes sociales de cuatro organizaciones juveniles de Bogotá. Las redes sociales digitales como herramienta educativa: una propuesta de investigación-innovación. Videojuego de realidad virtual sobre la extracción y el tráfico ilegal de la fauna silvestre en Colombia. Arquitectura de la información de la plataforma de inteligencia artificial para el estudio neurocognitivo y el apoyo a la salud mental. Inmersión sobre la innovación: perspectivas sobre el derecho al trabajo y la inteligencia artificial en el servicio de justicia. El ciberterrorismo en la legislación colombiana: un análisis desde la criminología. Modelo de fabricación digital de diseño sostenible para vivienda social. Uso de los videojuegos en el campo educativo: ventajas y desventajas. Resolución electrónica de controversias en procesos civiles de mínima cuantía en Colombia. Estrategia de evaluación y promoción de la salud mental en el contexto universitario. Caracterización de técnicas y herramientas de inteligencia artificial utilizadas para el perfilamiento de clientes por las mipymes en Colombia. Transformar el casco urbano del municipio de Líbano, departamento del Tolima, Colombia: un proyecto parque industrial para el intercambio de saberes y revitalización ambiental. Aplicación tecnológica en agricultura urbana para promover la seguridad alimentaria en poblaciones vulnerables. CONCLUSIONE

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.MethodsThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model—a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates—with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality—which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds.FindingsThe leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2–100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1–290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1–211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4–48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3–37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7–9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles.InterpretationLong-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere