Classifying the Mediterranean terraced landscape: the case of Adriatic Croatia

This article presents a Croatian Adriatic terraced landscape classification, highlighting its natural and cultural background and proposing a classification framework for further research. The classification is based on the landscape level (i.e., the “landscape pattern level”), synthesizing its structural, biophysical, and cultural-historical dimensions. The interpretation of classes involves a combination of general land use, structure, geomorphology, local land use, crops, soil type, and historical aspects. Nine classes of terraced landscapes are identified and described, example locations are given, and they are substantiated with illustrations and photos

REVITALISATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE, ON THE ISLAND OF KORČULA – Cay study municipality Blato

Cultural landscapes of the Mediterranean should become one among the bearers of the regional and national identity and in this way give their contribution to tourism and economic progress because of their recognizability and rarity. Since the importance of these landscapes is not currently recognized and designated the aim of this paper, containing the Blato example, on the island of Korčula, is to defi ne a procedure and a possibility of their protection and revitalization. This site is selected due to its natural, cultural and structural diversity, the revitalization of which one can realize, i.e. restore the landscape of an outstanding value. Apart from revitalization of the landscape and the landscape diversity, agriculture can manifest itself as something visually attractive what is positively refl ected in the potential of further tourism development on the island

Cultural landscape evaluation and possibilities for future development – a case study of the island of Krk (Croatia)

Agricultural landscapes that resulted from many centuries of traditional agricultural cultivation are an important part of the cultural heritage in the European Mediterranean areas. Since a systematic study in the Republic of Croatia aimed at inventarisation and protection of cultural landscapes has not been carried out yet, the main purpose of this paper was to, based on a case study that took place on the island of Krk, show the method of agricultural landscape evaluation and possibilities for future development and protection of outstanding agricultural landscapes. The evaluation of all 12 identified agricultural landscape types was conducted and six of them were singled out as outstanding cultural landscapes. Possible structural changes of those landscapes were considered and a proposal for a strategy of the preservation of the valuable landscape heritage on the island of Krk has been formulated. It was concluded that for field landscapes, the preservation is possible through agricultural production modernization. Those outstanding agricultural landscapes that are not profitable, but have a great cultural and historical value, should be maintained through regular procedures for cultural monuments with 100% subsidy

Pregled mogućnosti primjene GIS-a u krajobraznom planiranju

Landscape planning is a branch of the interdisciplinary profession of landscape architecture, which is based on landscape quality protection, and focuses on harmonising different values and interests in spatial development. The modern paradigm of the landscape is based on multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity, which makes the application of GIS indispensable in researching and analysing landscape approaches. This paper presents the application of GIS within the methods and tools of landscape planning, from the perspective of the landscape architecture profession in Croatia, involving the following methods: landscape evaluation, spatial modelling, development of strategic plans, landscape and environmental impact assessment including visual analysis and simulations, landscape character assessment, and landscape plans. The paper also highlights the diversity of potential landscape planning approaches within the instruments of different sectors, concentrating on responsibility for the landscape, spatial planning, natural and environmental protection, conservation of cultural heritage, land policies, rural and tourist development, and energy issues.The paper also indicates that, despite signing the European Landscape Convention, via which Croatia showed interest in innovative planning, conservation and management approaches, there has still been no significant shift at the institutional level, with the occasional implementation of the landscape approaches in practice. The lack of use of GIS tools is especially evident within different sectoral instruments, at all levels of spatial thinking and decision-making.Krajobrazno planiranje grana je interdisciplinarne struke krajobrazne arhitekture koja se temelji na očuvanju kvaliteta krajobraza, a usmjerena je usklađivanju različitih vrijednosti i interesa u prostornom razvoju. Moderna paradigma krajobraza utemeljena je na višedimenzionalnosti i interdisciplinarnosti, što u istraživačkim i analitičkim krajobraznim pristupima neizostavnim čini korištenje GIS-a. U ovom radu prikazana je primjena GIS-a u metodama i alatima krajobraznog planiranja iz perspektive struke krajobrazne arhitekture u Hrvatskoj, a obuhvaćeno je: vrednovanje krajobraza, izrada prostornih modela i strateških planova, procjena utjecaja na krajobraz uključujući vizualne analize i simulacije, procjena karaktera krajobraza te krajobrazni planovi. Radom je ujedno ukazano na raznolikost primjena alata krajobraznog planiranja u instrumentima različitih sektora koji imaju interes i odgovornost prema krajobrazu: prostornom planiranju, zaštiti prirode i okoliša, zaštiti kulturne baštine, zemljišnoj politici, ruralnom i turističkom razvoju i energetici. Također je ukazano na činjenicu da je, unatoč potpisivanju Europske konvencije o krajobrazu kojom je Hrvatska iskazala interes za inovativnim alatima planiranja, zaštite i upravljanja, do danas na institucionalnoj razini učinjeno vrlo malo, a upotreba krajobraznih pristupa u praksi je stihijska. Posebno je evidentno neprimjenjivanje GIS-a u različitim sektorskim instrumentima na svim razinama promišljanja i donošenja odluka o prostoru

THE TYPOLOGY OF THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF DUBROVAČKO PRIMORJE AS A BASIS FOR DIRECTING DEVELOPMENT

Napuštanje seoskih sredina Dubrovačkog primorja tijekom posljednjih pedesetak godina odrazilo se na njegove prostorne karakteristike i identitet, obilježavajući ga kao predio s izraženim procesom zapuštanja poljoprivrednih površina. Cilj rada je, na osnovi inventarizacije i analize prostora Dubrovačkog primorja, odrediti tipove krajobraza, te utvrditi potencijalne prostorne kvalitete. Podjela krajobraza na prirodne (obala, krajobraz kamenjara, krajobraz makije) i kulturne (naselja, poljoprivredni kulturni krajobraz) proizlazi iz prirodnih i društvenih obilježja prostora. Istraživanje je pokazalo zanimljive karakteristike samoga poljoprivrednog krajobraza kao izražajnog prostornog elementa. Njegova podjela izvršena je s obzirom na formu, koja je rezultat namjene i prirodnih obilježja prostora. Tako su izdvojeni krajobrazi polja s raznolikom pravilnom i nepravilnom parcelacijom, krajobrazi suhozida organskih i poligonalnih formi, te krajobrazi terasa različito dimenzioniranih omjera. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da se na ovom prostoru nalaze zanimljivi i raznoliki tipovi krajobraza, koji svojom artikulacijom čine zanimljivu prostornu sliku s izražajnom dinamikom. Osim prirodnih, i kulturni krajobrazi se mogu podijeliti na one koji imaju tendenciju širenja i na one koji nestaju kao posljedica trenutnih ekonomsko-gospodarskih trendova. Identifi kacija tipova krajobraza može biti preduvjet za odredbu razvojnih kriterija prostora u budućnosti.Abandonment of rural areas in Dubrovačko Primorje in the last 50 years resulted with changes of its spatial characteristics and identity. This process defi ned this place as a virtually derelict area. The main goal of this work is to determine landscape types based upon survey and spatial analyses. They can be helpful in a process of determination of spatial qualities. Landscape division was made according to the natural and anthropogenic features of this area. Therefore, landscape was divided on natural (coast, karst terrain and landscapes of the macchia) and cultural (settlement and agriculture) landscapes. Working methods consisted of several research stages. The fi rst stage comprised a review of relevant literature concerning natural and sociological features of the explored area. Working methods of prof. dr. Marušič were inspiration for evolvement of this research [16]. The next stage of research was the fi eld work by means of observation method which resulted in detailed photo documentation, showing different types of the agricultural landscapes. Indoor work consisted of the orthophoto production, which was a base for further exploration. Consequently, detailed map of the land use, as well as an agricultural map of the area was made according to the structural husbandry character. Digital mapping of the thematical maps in GIS – Arc View software program, produced a database of social and natural elements of the area. Overlapping of all these maps helped in determination of causal processes. Comparison of these outcomes with terrain photo documentation led to the research results and fi nal conclusions. This research showed interesting structural features of agricultural landscapes. Its division was made according to its form which emerged from the land use and its natural character. Consequently, agricultural landscapes are divided into fi elds (with regular parcels and those with irregular land division), dry stone walls with organic and polygonal forms and terraced landscapes in different scales and dimensions. Results pointed to many interesting and various landscape types which are articulating with different spatial elements, thus making an overall landscape picture more complex. This spatial variety is giving an identity to this space which is based upon tense spatial dynamics. Exploration has also shown developing tendencies of different landscape types. Future development will certainly cause completely different landscape scenery, therefore there remains a legitimate reason for controlled development. Main developing strategies are based on tourism and agricultural development. Since tourism is a more aggressive element in this system its further development has to be better supervised in order to achieve their balanced coexistence. Tourism and its spatial distribution must be more dispersed, as it is currently concentrated alongside a particularly sensitive natural coastal area

Die Wahrnehmung von Grundmerkmalen öffentlicher Plätze in Wohnsiedlungen. Fallbeispiele Zagreb und Velika Gorica

Otvoreni prostori višestambene izgradnje neposredan su prostor boravka stanovnika stambenih naselja u vanjskom prostoru. Kako su oni često predmet nezadovoljstva i kritika samih stanovnika, ali i stručnjaka koji sudjeluju u njihovu oblikovanju i planiranju, ovim se radom pokušalo utvrditi krajobrazne vrijednosti i parametre koji djeluju na njihovu privlačnost. S tim ciljem provedeno je istraživanje na osnovi promatranja te anketa s pridruženom ljestvicom semantičkoga diferencijala. Postupak semantičkoga diferencijala temelji se na procjeni vizualno-estetskih kvaliteta prostora kojima se prati doživljavanje i emotivne reakcije ispitanika. Analizom dobivenih rezultata utvrđeni su neki elementi poželjnih prostornih i strukturnih odnosa koji djeluju na kvalitetu doživljavanja otvorenih prostora višestambene izgradnje, a koji mogu poslužiti kao smjernice i kriteriji u njihovu oblikovanju.Open spaces associated with the architecture in housing settlements are spaces of stay and leisure used by the dwellers living outside of the areas of residential complexes. Since these are quite often the subject of dissatisfaction and criticism of its residents and are also being exposed to critiques written by experts taking part in the process of their design and planning, this paper represents an attempt at identifying the landscape values, and the parameters affecting its environmental attractiveness. The research is carried out striving for a goal based upon observation, as well as on an opinion survey measuring people’s attitudes with the pertaining scale of semantic differential (SD). The procedure of a semantic differential is based on visual and aesthetic qualities of the space, in terms of monitoring experience, perception and emotional reactions of the interviewed respondents. Data processing obtained in such a way has established some of the elements of desirable spatial and structural relations which influence the quality of experiencing open spaces associated with housing architecture, which can be implemented as guidelines and criteria in their design.Öffentliche Plätze in Wohnsiedlungen stellen für die Anwohner das unmittelbare Umfeld dar, innerhalb dessen sie sich unter freiem Himmel aufhalten und bewegen können. Da sie oft Anlass geben zur Unzufriedenheit und Kritik sowohl von Anwohnern als auch von Experten, in deren Aufgabenbereich die Planung und Gestaltung öffentlicher Räume fällt, wollte man mit dieser Studie versuchen, den landschaftlichen Wert dieser Plätze sowie die ihre Anziehungskraft bestimmenden Parameter zu ermitteln. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Beobachtungsuntersuchung durchgeführt sowie eine Umfrage mit beigefügtem semantischem Differential. Das Verfahren des semantischen Differentials gründet auf einer Einschätzung der visuellästhetischen Eigenschaften eines „öffentlichen” Raumes, anhand deren die Wahrnehmung und gefühlsmäßigen Reaktionen seitens der Probanden mitverfolgt werden. Durch Bearbeitung und Vergleich der gewonnenen Angaben wurden bestimmte Eigenschaften ermittelt, die in struktureller und gestalterischer Hinsicht in öffentlichen Räumen vertreten sein sollten, da sie Einfluss haben auf die Art und Weise, wie öffentliche Plätze in Wohnsiedlungen wahrgenommen werden, und daher als Richtlinien und Kriterien bei der öffentlichen Raumgestaltung dienen können

Kulturlandschaft und Gesetzgebung. Die Verhältnisse in Kroatien

Hrvatska baštini mnoge i raznolike kulturne krajobraze, no svijest o njihovu postojanju vrlo je niska. Krajobrazi su prepušteni razvojnoj sukcesiji, gubljenju identiteta, neprikladnoj sanaciji i degradaciji. Pridruživanje Europskoj uniji obvezuje nas da na tom području uspostavimo učinkovitu provedbu i mjere njihove zaštite. Analizirana su važnija europska i domaća istraživanja o temi kulturnih krajobraza te relevantni zakonski dokumenti i međunarodne konvencije. Usporedbom stranih i domaćih iskustava analizira se efikasnost naših zakonskih propisa s područja kulturnih krajobraza i krajobraza općenito, primjena njihove zaštite te razina svijesti o njihovim vrijednostima. Upozorava se na nepostojanje temeljnoga dokumenta koji bi se bavio sustavnom zaštitom krajobraza uopće, unatoč potpisivanju Konvencije o europskim krajobrazima. Smjernice za očuvanje kulturnih krajobraza, koje su dane u više nacionalnih strategija i zakonskih akata u zadnjem desetljeću, nisu zaživjele niti su se primjenjivale. U odnosu na Hrvatsku, većina europskih zemalja ima zavidno razvijenije sustave zaštite kulturnih krajobraza. U mnogim državama izrađeni su nacionalni i regionalni atlasi kulturnih krajobraza, prisutan je snažan trend uključivanja korisnika prostora u njihovo upravljanje.Croatia has many diverse cultural landscapes, but awareness of their existence is very low. Landscapes are given over to developmental succession, loss of identity, unsuitable repair and degradation. Joining the European Union commits us to establishing effective implementation and measures of protection. Major European and local research on the topic of cultural landscapes was analyzed in the paper, as well as relevant legal documents and international conventions. By comparing foreign and local experience, the effectiveness of our legislation in the field of cultural landscape and landscape in general, the use of their protection, and awareness of their values is analyzed. The analysis indicates an absence of a basic document that would deal with the systematic protection of landscape overall, despite the signing of the Convention on European Landscapes. Guidelines for the preservation of cultural landscapes, which were outlined in several national strategies and legal acts in the last decade, have not taken hold nor have they been applied. In comparison to Croatia, most European countries have enviously more developed systems of protection of cultural landscapes. National and regional atlases of cultural landscapes have been made, and there is a strong trend of user involvement in the management of the areas.Kroatien hat ein großes Spektrum verschiedenartiger Kulturlandschaften vorzuweisen, doch ist diese Tatsache im öffentlichen Bewusstsein kaum präsent. Leider sind besagte Landschaften dem willkürlichen Ablauf verschiedenster Eingriffe überlassen und zeichnen sich durch Identitätsverlust, unangemessene Sanierungsformen und Degradierung aus. Der bevorstehende EU-Beitritt Kroatiens verpflichtet jedoch zu entsprechenden Schutzmaßnahmen und ihrer effizienten Umsetzung. Die Verfasser analysieren in ihrem Text verschiedene relevante Forschungsarbeiten zum Thema Kulturlandschaften, die in Europa und Kroatien durchgeführt wurden, sowie relevante Rechtsgrundlagen und internationale Konventionen. Anhand eines Vergleichs inund ausländischer Erfahrungen wird die Effizienz kroatischer Rechtsvorschriften im Bereich des Naturraums generell sowie bezüglich Kulturlandschaften im Besonderen geprüft; Schutzmaßnahmen und ihre Umsetzung werden analysiert und ihr Stellenwert im öffentlichen Bewusstsein nachvollzogen. Die Autoren verweisen darauf, dass – trotz der Unterzeichnung der Europäischen Landschaftskonvention – die Erstellung eines Grundsatzdokuments, das sich systematisch mit dem Landschaftsschutz befasste, in Kroatien immer noch aussteht. Richtlinien zum Schutz von Kulturlandschaften, die im Laufe des vergangenen Jahrzehnts in verschiedenen nationalstrategischen und rechtlichen Dokumenten verankert wurden, werden bislang immer noch nicht befolgt. Im Unterschied zu Kroatien verfügen die meisten europäischen Staaten über sehr gut ausgestattete Landschaftsschutzprogramme. In vielen Ländern wurden nationale und regionale Kartenwerke mit Übersichten einheimischer Kulturlandschaften erarbeitet; auch ist ein starker Trend zu beobachten, die Nutzer selbst der Landschaften in die Verwaltung des Naturraums einzubinden

An Overview of GIS Applications in Landscape Planning

Krajobrazno planiranje grana je interdisciplinarne struke krajobrazne arhitekture koja se temelji na očuvanju kvaliteta krajobraza, a usmjerena je usklađivanju različitih vrijednosti i interesa u prostornom razvoju. Moderna paradigma krajobraza utemeljena je na višedimenzionalnosti i interdisciplinarnosti, što u istraživačkim i analitičkim krajobraznim pristupima neizostavnim čini korištenje GIS-a. U ovom radu prikazana je primjena GIS-a u metodama i alatima krajobraznog planiranja iz perspektive struke krajobrazne arhitekture u Hrvatskoj, a obuhvaćeno je: vrednovanje krajobraza, izrada prostornih modela i strateških planova, procjena utjecaja na krajobraz uključujući vizualne analize i simulacije, procjena karaktera krajobraza te krajobrazni planovi. Radom je ujedno ukazano na raznolikost primjena alata krajobraznog planiranja u instrumentima različitih sektora koji imaju interes i odgovornost prema krajobrazu: prostornom planiranju, zaštiti prirode i okoliša, zaštiti kulturne baštine, zemljišnoj politici, ruralnom i turističkom razvoju i energetici. Također je ukazano na činjenicu da je, unatoč potpisivanju Europske konvencije o krajobrazu kojom je Hrvatska iskazala interes za inovativnim alatima planiranja, zaštite i upravljanja, do danas na institucionalnoj razini učinjeno vrlo malo, a upotreba krajobraznih pristupa u praksi je stihijska. Posebno je evidentno neprimjenjivanje GIS-a u različitim sektorskim instrumentima na svim razinama promišljanja i donošenja odluka o prostoru.Landscape planning is a branch of the interdisciplinary profession of landscape architecture, which is based on landscape quality protection, and focuses on harmonising different values and interests in spatial development. The modern paradigm of the landscape is based on multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity, which makes the application of GIS indispensable in researching and analysing landscape approaches. This paper presents the application of GIS within the methods and tools of landscape planning, from the perspective of the landscape architecture profession in Croatia, involving the following methods: landscape evaluation, spatial modelling, development of strategic plans, landscape and environmental impact assessment including visual analysis and simulations, landscape character assessment, and landscape plans. The paper also highlights the diversity of potential landscape planning approaches within the instruments of different sectors, concentrating on responsibility for the landscape, spatial planning, natural and environmental protection, conservation of cultural heritage, land policies, rural and tourist development, and energy issues. The paper also indicates that, despite signing the European Landscape Convention, via which Croatia showed interest in innovative planning, conservation and management approaches, there has still been no significant shift at the institutional level, with the occasional implementation of the landscape approaches in practice. The lack of use of GIS tools is especially evident within different sectoral instruments, at all levels of spatial thinking and decision-making

REVITALIZACIJA KRAJOBRAZA NA KORČULI - Cay study Općina Blato

Cultural landscapes of the Mediterranean should become one among the bearers of the regional and national identity and in this way give their contribution to tourism and economic progress because of their recognizability and rarity. Since the importance of these landscapes is not currently recognized and designated the aim of this paper, containing the Blato example, on the island of Korčula, is to defi ne a procedure and a possibility of their protection and revitalization. This site is selected due to its natural, cultural and structural diversity, the revitalization of which one can realize, i.e. restore the landscape of an outstanding value. Apart from revitalization of the landscape and the landscape diversity, agriculture can manifest itself as something visually attractive what is positively refl ected in the potential of further tourism development on the island.Karakterističnost Mediterana je zahtijevala specifi čnu obradu tla čime su se kroz godine generirali kulturni krajobrazi visoke strukturne vrijednosti. Danas, nakon više desetljeća ekonomskih i društvenih preokreta, ovakvi prostori postepeno nestaju. Zbog svoje prepoznatljivosti i rijetkosti kulturni krajobrazi Mediterana bi trebali biti jedan od nosioca regionalnog i nacionalnog identiteta i time doprinositi turističkom i gospodarskom napretku. S obzirom da važnost takvih krajobraza danas nije prepoznata i obilježena, cilj ovog rada je na primjeru Blata na otoku Korčula, utvrditi postupak i mogućnost njihove zaštite i revitalizacije. Ova lokacija je odabrana zbog svoje prirodne, kulturne i strukturne raznolikosti, čijom revitalizacijom se može ostvariti odnosno vratiti krajobraz iznimne vrijednosti. Da bi se došlo do rezultata prvo je bilo potrebno detaljno inventarizirani i valorizirati osobine prostora (geomorfološke, strukturne, itd.) kako bi se stvorila baza podataka. Potom su defi nirane potencijalne poljoprivredne djelatnosti te izrađeni modela privlačnosti koji defi niraju optimalne prostore za produktivno privređivanje tih djelatnosti. Usporedno su razmatrane i karakteristike prostora koje bi bile ranjive na eventualne buduće intervencije. Te su vrijednosti združene u zaštitni model. Preklapanjem razvojnih i zaštitnih aspekata (modela privlačnosti i modela ranjivosti) predloženo je nekoliko alternativnih rješenja. Vrednovanjem alternativa odabran je optimalni model - model pogodnosti. U njemu su prikazani prostori pogodni za organizaciju poljoprivredne proizvodnje i to na način da se štite kulturne i prirodne vrijednosti tog prostora doprinoseći stvaranju identiteta i vraćanja prepoznatljivosti. Na ovaj način se osim revitalizacije krajobraza i krajobrazne raznolikosti, poljoprivreda manifestira kao nešto vizualno atraktivno što se pozitivno odražava i potencijal daljnjeg turističkog razvoja na otoku

How Did Sheep Save the Day? The Role of Dry Stone Wall Heritage and Agropastorality in Historical Landscape Preservation. A Case-Study of the Town of Cres Olive Grove

The dry stone wall landscape surrounding the town of Cres is a unique cultural landscape; it is one of the largest well-preserved historical olive groves in the Croatian Adriatic, while simultaneously serving as pasture for sheep. Still, there are currently no studies that capture this landscape as a multifunctional whole or which acknowledge its relevance within the current multidisciplinary discussions. The aim of this paper is to clarify past and current circumstances surrounding and affecting it. The study focuses on two main pillars of landscape preservation: (1) dry stone wall structures and (2) agro-pastoral practices; giving an overview of its historical formation and current management and trends. The goal is to establish knowledge that can be used as a foundation for the management of this area and present a good practice example for the preservation of historical landscapes in the Mediterranean region. The research involved combined desk and fieldwork: cartographic data analysis, literature analysis, GIS elaboration, terrestrial and aerial photographs and observations, followed by interviews with local informants. Continuous investing in the production of quality olive oil and the evolution of the landscape into a multifunctional agro-pastoral-touristic space is what enabled its preservation. This multifunctionality can only be matched by a diversity of scientific studies and this study aimed at providing the first step—a foundation for the identification of the values of the Cres landscape, with the scope of better precising further planning and management