Relatório de estágio em farmácia comunitária

Relatório de estágio realizado no âmbito do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas, apresentado à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbr

Delayed neurobehavioral development in children born to pregnant women with mild hypothyroxinemia during the first month of gestation: the importance of early iodine supplementation.

BACKGROUND: Maternal hypothyroxinemia, due to gestational iodine deficiency, causes neurological dysfunctions in the progeny. Our aim was to determine the effects of delayed iodine supplementation (200 microg KI per day) to mildly hypothyroxinemic pregnant women at the beginning of gestation (i.e., having circulating free thyroxine [FT(4)] within the 0th-10th percentile interval and normal thyrotropin [TSH]) on the neurobehavioral development of their children. METHODS: Using the Brunet-Lézine scale, we evaluated the neurocognitive performance at 18 months of age in three groups of children. Group 1 included children of women with FT(4) above the 20th percentile at 4-6 gestational weeks and at full-term. Group 2 included children of mildly hypothyroxinemic women diagnosed during the first 12-14 gestational weeks and with FT(4) above the 20th percentile at full-term. Group 3 included children born to mildly hypothyroxinemic women at full-term, without iodine supplementation during gestation. Women of all groups were iodine supplemented from the day of enrollment until the end of lactation. RESULTS: Before iodine supplementation, 33.0% of the women (114 out of 345) were hypothyroxinemic, with FT(4) below normal in 28 of them (8.1%). None were found to be hypothyroxinemic at full-term after supplementation. The mean (+/-SD) developmental quotient of children was 101.8 +/- 9.7 in group 1 (n = 13) vs. 87.5 +/- 8.9 in group 3 (n = 19; p < 0.001) and 92.2 +/- 5.4 in group 2 (n = 12; p < 0.05). The difference between groups 2 and 3 was not statistically significant. Delayed neurobehavioral performance was observed in 36.8% and 25.0% of children in groups 3 and 2, respectively, compared with no children in group 1. Differences (p < 0.001) were found on gross and fine motor coordination and socialization quotients. No statistically significant differences were found on language quotients. CONCLUSIONS: A delay of 6-10 weeks in iodine supplementation of hypothyroxinemic mothers at the beginning of gestation increases the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in the progeny. Public health programs should address the growing problem of iodine deficiency among women of gestational age in developing and industrialized nations.Supported by a grant of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (SAF2006-14068) to PB.Peer Reviewe

Tuberculosis, historical memory and iconography

[ES] Realizamos una revisión histórica de la tuberculosis, enfermedad que durante siglos supuso uno de los mayores azotes que sufrió la humanidad, lo que hizo que en la Edad Media fuera conocida como la peste blanca. Su epidemiología refleja el carácter social de esta enfermedad, considerada por algunos autores, todavía a comienzos del siglo XX, la más mortífera en los países civilizados. Se revisan, asimismo, los criterios mantenidos en la lucha contra la tuberculosis y, especialmente, el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico utilizado hasta el descubrimiento de la estreptomicina, que cambió radicalmente su pronóstico. El artículo aporta iconografía alusiva a figuras relevantes, acontecimientos y otros aspectos relacionados con la enfermedad.[EN] We have made a historic account of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was one of the greatest calamities that afflicted Humanity for centuries which made this disease to be known as the White Plague in the Middle Ages. Its epidemiology reflects the social character of this condition and it was considered by some authors as late as the beginning the XX century, as the most deadly one in the civilized world. At the same time, we revise the different criteria kept in the fight against tuberculosis. Special attention is paid to the c1inical and surgical treatments used until the appearance of streptomycin. The discovery of streptomycin brought a dramatic change to the prognosis of those affected by tuberculosis. This artic1e contributes to widen the iconography of relevant figures related to the field, as well as to the presentation and discussion of events and other aspects in relation to tuberculosis.Peer reviewe

Contribution to the historical study of malaria | Contribución al estudio histórico del paludismo

We present a historic revision of malaria. This condition is a real problem in public health, especially in undeveloped countries in tropical areas. In these countries between 300 and 500 million cases of malaria and from 2 to 3 million deaths are registered per year. We go over the ethiology of this condition as studied through the years concluding at the moment in which Laveran discovers the parasite producing malaria in 1880. Up to the XX century malaria was and important endemic entity in Spain. A persistent fight against malaria resulted in its eradication in 1964. Along with our study concerning malaria, we also present a historic revision of the appearance and development of quina, the fundamental pillar in the treatment of this pathologic entity.Peer Reviewe

Vacunas e iconografía

There was some kind of method used in an empiric way that helped to suffer the small pot disease in a milder way long before the English physician E. Jenner were to discover the vaccine. This method also achieved immunity against the disease. The method was not exempt of complications, however. Sometimes these complications were serious enough as to compromise the general acceptance of the method. Besides the smallpox, we do a historic revision of rage, poliomyelitis, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, as well as that of diphtheria and tetanus. We include an iconography regarding these diseases, its vaccines and persons and institutions related to them.Peer reviewe

Universal Dependencies 2.4

Universal Dependencies is a project that seeks to develop cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages, with the goal of facilitating multilingual parser development, cross-lingual learning, and parsing research from a language typology perspective. The annotation scheme is based on (universal) Stanford dependencies (de Marneffe et al., 2006, 2008, 2014), Google universal part-of-speech tags (Petrov et al., 2012), and the Interset interlingua for morphosyntactic tagsets (Zeman, 2008)

Universal Dependencies 2.5

Universal Dependencies is a project that seeks to develop cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages, with the goal of facilitating multilingual parser development, cross-lingual learning, and parsing research from a language typology perspective. The annotation scheme is based on (universal) Stanford dependencies (de Marneffe et al., 2006, 2008, 2014), Google universal part-of-speech tags (Petrov et al., 2012), and the Interset interlingua for morphosyntactic tagsets (Zeman, 2008)

Universal Dependencies 2.5

Universal Dependencies is a project that seeks to develop cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages, with the goal of facilitating multilingual parser development, cross-lingual learning, and parsing research from a language typology perspective. The annotation scheme is based on (universal) Stanford dependencies (de Marneffe et al., 2006, 2008, 2014), Google universal part-of-speech tags (Petrov et al., 2012), and the Interset interlingua for morphosyntactic tagsets (Zeman, 2008)