51 research outputs found

    Effet des ultrasons basse frĂ©quence sur l’hydrodynamique d’un rĂ©acteur annulaire continu : approche expĂ©rimentale en Distribution des Temps de SĂ©jour (DTS)

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    Ultrasound (US) are particularly interesting for their mechanical effects enabling transfers activation, in particular by generating mixing. However, this phenomenon has not yet been quantified in a continuous reactor, which is nevertheless a key point for the intensification of such processes. For this purpose, this work characterized the hydrodynamics within a continuous annular reactor under low frequency ultrasound via a Residence Time Distribution experimental approach (RTD). Reliable and reproducible experimental protocol and data processing method were developed. The experiments under silent conditions showed that,due to its geometry, the studied reactor had dead zones that are not negligible. The comparison of these results with those obtained under US had clearly demonstrated the action of US in the flow rate range investigated (laminar flow). The comparison of the RTD curves, as well as the average residence time values obtained, confirmed the US effect on the mixing within the reactor. By creating micro-mixing, ultrasound also reduced dead zones. The study of US power influence showed a threshold beyond which its contribution on hydrodynamics is less marked. This point is encouraging for the scale up of reactors under ultrasound

    Enhancement of Heat Transfer by Ultrasound: Review and Recent Advances

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    This paper summarizes some applications of ultrasonic vibrations regarding heat transfer enhancement techniques. Research literature is reviewed, with special attention to examples for which ultrasonic technology was used alongside a conventional heat transfer process in order to enhance it. In several industrial applications, the use of ultrasound is often a way to increase productivity in the process itself, but also to take advantage of various subsequent phenomena. The relevant example brought forward here concerns heat exchangers, where it was found that ultrasound not only increases heat transfer rates, but might also be a solution to fouling reduction

    Transitions sol-gel de colloïdes anisotropes sous champs de cisaillement, pression et ondes ultrasonores, caractérisées par diffusion de rayons x aux petits angles in-situ

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    L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser aux échelles mésoscopiques, l'effet combiné des champs de pression, hydrodynamiques et ultrasonores sur les mécanismes de transition sol-gel de colloïdes anisotropes d'argiles lors de l'ultrafiltration tangentielle. Pour cela, des cellules de filtration ont été développées en intégrant une lame vibrante sollicitée à 20kHz par un générateur ultrasonore. Ces cellules de filtration permettent l'observation in-situ aux échelles nanométriques par diffusion de rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS). Différentes suspensions aqueuses d'argiles ont été étudiées : des argiles naturelles de montmorillonite Wyoming-Na et des argiles synthétiques de Laponite en présence ou non d'un peptisant le tetrasodium diphosphate (Na4P2O7). Par ailleurs l'effet des ultrasons sur le comportement rhéologique de suspensions a aussi été étudié.  L'effet du pré-cisaillement induit par la pompe du circuit de filtration et l'effet des ultrasons, sur les contraintes de cisaillement des suspensions de Laponite ont été mises en évidence. Les deux sollicitations réduisent les niveaux de contrainte et l'effet est plus marqué sur les suspensions avec peptisant (à interaction répulsive dominante) que sur les suspensions sans peptisant (à interaction attractive dominante). Les évolutions temporelles de la structure et de la concentration en colloïdes en fonction de la distance à la membrane ont ainsi été caractérisées sous différentes conditions de filtration et de sollicitations ultrasonores. Deux mécanismes principaux ont été mis en évidence lors de l'application des ultrasons : soit un mécanisme de fracturation ou d'intensification locale de l'écoulement lorsque les colloïdes forment un réseau dense trÚs anisotrope (cas des suspensions de Montmorillonite et de Laponite sans peptisant), soit un mécanisme d'érosion des couches concentrées pour les colloïdes assemblés en structures ouvertes (cas des suspensions de Laponite avec peptisant)

    Mise au point d'un procédé de production d'une biomasse de Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans par voie bio-électrochimique

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    Ce travail concerne la mise au point d'un procĂ©dĂ© de production d'une biomasse Ă  forte concentration de Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, bactĂ©rie connue pour ses propriĂ©tĂ©s de fixation des mĂ©taux lourds en solution. Le procĂ©dĂ© repose sur le couplage d'un rĂ©acteur biologique, d'un dispositif d'aĂ©ration et d'un rĂ©acteur Ă©lectrochimique permettant la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration du substrat Ă©nergĂ©tique. AprĂšs l'optimisation des conditions de fonctionnement du procĂ©dĂ©, la mise en Ɠuvre du procĂ©dĂ© a permis une production du micro-organisme Ă©quivalente Ă  115 mg de protĂ©ines.L-1 sur 5 jours, permettant de situer le procĂ©dĂ© comme Ă©tant des plus performants. L'Ă©tude de la biosorption du cadmium sur la biomasse ainsi produite a permis de valider ce procĂ©dĂ© bio-Ă©lectrochimique qui affiche dĂ©sormais des perspectives intĂ©ressantes quant Ă  une production industrielle de cette biomasse.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Enhancement of the knowledge on the ultrasonic reactor by interdisciplinary approach

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    International audienceOur work is a step to a better understanding of high frequency ultrasonic reactors behaviour. Using finite elements calculations, it was demonstrated that localization of chemical and physical effects can be well correlated with mechanical behaviour of ultrasound emitter. This complementary approach enables us to propose a full interpretation of the sonochemical reactor behaviour. A major reason of scientific interest on ultrasound is the well-known enhancement of chemical or physical phenomena. This is so important that “Enhancement” is probably the most used word in the title of related publications. To fully understand experimental results, present work demonstrates that ultrasound needs also to significantly enhance a very difficult knowledge transfer operation that might be named interdisciplinary co-working. Hence, ultrasound is now used and studied in many different fields of science such as acoustic, chemistry, medical imaging, disease treatment (lithotripsy), non-destructive testing... Each one has his own vocabulary, approach, and method to describe the phenomenon. In this work four different methodologies were involved to study of the same effect but using a chemical, chemical engineering, physical and mechanical approach respectively. All these viewpoints were then brought together in order to explain new original results

    Zinc biosorption by the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus

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    International audienceCe papier prĂ©sente les premiĂšres informations sur les potentialitĂ©s de biosorption du zinc (Zn) par Rhodobacter capsulatus. Les effets de paramĂštres biologiques, physico-chimiques sur la fixation du Zn ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s pour la souche sauvage B10 ainsi que pour une souche, RC220, dĂ©pourvue de plasmide endogĂšne. A une concentration initiale de 10 mg Zn·L−1, la capacitĂ© de biosorption pour une biomasse cultivĂ©e dans un milieu synthĂ©tique contenant du lactate comme source de carbone Ă©tait de 17 et 16 mg Zn·(g poids sec)−1, pour les souches B10 et RC220. L’équilibre Ă©tait atteint aprĂšs un temps de contact de 30–120 min dĂ©pendant de la concentration en Zn initiale. La sorption du Zn par une biomasse vivante a Ă©tĂ© modĂ©lisĂ©e, Ă  l’équilibre, selon les isothermes de Redlich–Peterson et de Langmuir, dans la gamme de 1–600 mg Zn·L−1. La souche sauvage prĂ©sentait une capacitĂ© maximale de fixation du Zn (Qm) de 164 ± 8 mg·(g poids sec)−1 et une constante Ă  l’équilibre (Kads) of 0,017 ± 0,00085 L·(mg Zn)−1, comparĂ©es aux valeurs de 73,9 mg·g−1 et 0,361 L·mg−1 pour la souche dĂ©pourvue de plasmide endogĂšne. La valeur Qm obtenue pour la souche sauvage de R. capsulatus B10 est une des plus Ă©levĂ©e reportĂ©e dans la littĂ©rature, suggĂ©rant que cette bactĂ©rie peut se rĂ©vĂ©ler ĂȘtre utile pour la biorĂ©mĂ©diation du Zn. La valeur faible Qm et la constante Ă  l’équilibre Ă©levĂ©e observĂ©es pour la souche RC220 suggĂšrent que le plasmide endogĂšne confĂšre une capacitĂ© de biosorption accrue dans cette bactĂ©rie, et de possibles explications sont discutĂ©es

    Conception et étude préliminaire d'un échangeur de chaleur assisté par ultra-sons

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    Dans ce travail, un échangeur de chaleur de type faisceau de tubes/calandre couplé à un champ ultrasonore a été conçu et étudié. Les premiers résultats expérimentaux illustrent une augmentation systématique du coefficient global de transfert de chaleur en présence d'ultrasons pouvant atteindre 250 %. Cette amélioration ne varie pas avec la puissance du champ ultrasonore mais est trÚs sensible à la configuration hydrodynamique retenue

    Design and experimental study of an ultrasonically assisted shell-and-tube heat exchanger

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    International audienceWith the aim of studying heat transfer in the presence of low frequency ultrasound, a shell-and-tube heat exchanger has been designed [ 1]. It has been built from a tubular ultrasonic emitter resulting in what might be named a "sonoexchanger". This new type of shell-and-tube heat exchanger can be regarded as a vibrating exchanger since the shell transmits a low frequency ultrasonic field. To our knowledge, there is no reference in the literature with a heat exchanger involving an acoustic field. Experiments have been performed using a specific experimental set-up involving this homemade heat exchanger. A data acquisition system coupled with several temperature sensors and flowmeters is used. Attention is focused on the inlet and outlet temperatures of the cooling and heating water and on the corresponding flowrates. In a first step, experiments have been performed to study heat transfer without ultrasound under several hydrodynamical conditions. The second set of experiments was devoted to the study of heat exchange under the same experimental conditions but in the presence of the ultrasonic waves. Comparison was made between overall heat transfer coefficient with and without ultrasound, the determination of which is based upon the energy balance on the heat exchanger. Comparison has been performed for several ultrasonic powers at different flowrates. It has been shown that when ultrasound operates, heat flow rates are increased on both sides of the heat exchanger in all cases. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced. This positive effect of ultrasound was expressed through an enhancement factor EF defined as the ratio of the overall heat transfer with ultrasound on the overall heat transfer under the same conditions without ultrasound. As illustrated in the figure below, the enhancement factor ranges from 120 to 257 % . Other operating parameter studies are now in progress in order to demonstrate the feasibility of such a new type of heat exchanger. [no pdf

    Enhancement of cooling rate by high frequency ultrasonic vibration

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    Heat transfer in the presence of ultrasound has been investigated. Experiments were performed using a specific experimental setup involving a homemade, high-frequency, ultrasonic reactor equipped with a cooling helical coil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound with different frequencies on heat transfer between water contained within the reactor and cooling water flowing through the coil. It has been shown that the presence of the ultrasonic field results in an increase of the cooling rate due to an enhancement of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the coil by up to 100%, depending on operating parameters
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