Strengthening Economic Subjects' Internal Capacities : sustainable energy management

EU strategic orientation towards sustainable energy development, energy reform and redirecting of companies to new ways of operating and doing business impose need to consider the concept of application of sustainable energy management as a concept acceptable for all companies. By implementing sustainable energy management, companies reach positive results, which primarily refer to reduced consumption of energy resources and reduced negative ecological effects. Apart from that, a company which implements the concept of sustainable energy management creates positive image and improves its competitiveness. The actual application of the concept of sustainable energy management in a company can be implemented in several ways and the application of eco-management concept is considered to be the most acceptable method for realization in developing countries

Uloga ekonomskih instrumenata u neutralisanju ekoloških eksternalija

Ovim radom autori ukazuju na različite načine i ulogu države odnosno, ekonomskih instrumenata koji su na raspolaganju, radi minimiziranja i neutralisanja eksternih efekata nastalih kao posledica društvene reprodukcije. U održivoj proizvodnji, kontinuiran proces društvene reprodukcije zaheva i adekvatno tretiranje prirodnog okruženja.“ Eco-Eco“ model, odnosno ekološko ekonski model ukazuje na direktnu uslovljenost ova dva podsistema održivog razvoja. Instrumenti koji usmeravaju privredne subjekte kroz internalizaciju troškova životne sredine ili troškova iscrpljivanja prirodnih izvora su ekonomski. Isključiva upotreba ekonomskih instrumenata neće dati optimalne rezultate ako se izolovano koristi, jer se celokupna privreda odvija u tržišnim, a ne u izolovanim uslovima. Stoga, imajući u vidu specifičnost „Eko-Eko“ odnosa, problemi eksternalija se najbolje rešavaju kombinacijom ekonomskih i ostalih instrumenata, pri čemu je aktivna uloga države neophodna

Environmental and energy tax reform in the EU

The subject of the analysis is determination of energy tax revenue in the countries members in the EU, and monitoring of revenues generated through energy taxes. Environmental taxes can be collected in forms of energy taxes, transport taxes, pollution taxes and resource taxes. The role of energy taxes is to internalize external costs and to encourage potential polluters to change their behavior. Although they have limited fiscal significance, energy taxes contribute to total public revenue in a country. On the basis of the presented data in this paper, it is obvious that revenues collected by energy taxes are not negligible and it is measured in tens of millions of Euros. Monitoring of flow of revenues made by collecting these taxes proves that revenues have downward trend since the beginning of the crisis, since 2008, and only two EU countries members did not have negative values. EU has growth of the energy tax revenue in the period 2005-2008, of: 2,19% in 2006 in relation to 2005; growth of 3,28% in 2007 in relation to 2006 that is 2,45% in 2008 in relation to 2007. On one hand, collection of energy taxes provides country with revenues; however there is a possibility of jeopardizing position of domestic business entities in the future. It is the fact that market position of industries that pay energy taxes is unfavorable because the prices of their products are increased by the taxes

Sustainable energy management as a pre-requisite for sustainable development: the case of the Balkans countries in the process of the EU integration

Sustainable development as a theory, a concept and an idea, is a comprehensive framework for the development of mankind in the future, that is, the attempt to plan future development based on past experience, on the one hand, and objectives that are set to a specific or indefinite period of time on the other. The concept of sustainable development implies the need for reviewing and understanding its complex and multi-disciplinary, multi-dimensional and heterogeneous structure, making it one of the most complex social, economic, civil and any other development since the creation of mankind. Any human activity can be observed from different points of view and evaluated on several grounds. Problem of energy security is one of the basic modern challenges in the EU and in the Balkans region. The following main characteristics in the Balkans region were noted: high energy consumption per GDP unit, high values of carbon emission, fossil fuels import dependency, high potential but minimal RES energy production. Further development of regulation framework is a priority for all countries in the region. Respection of the EU regulative in this area is the basic precondition for further stable energy development

Kyoto Protocol implementation in Serbia as precognition of sustainable energetic and economic development

The paper gives reasons for low energy efficiency typical of the Serbian economy, which is based on outdated and dirty technologies. The comparison of selected economic indicators and indicators of energy efficiency in both Serbia and the European Union points out the benefits of the Kyoto Protocol implementation due to the growth of competitiveness in the global market. Serbia has no obligation to reduce GHG emissions, the authors point to the proposals whose implementation along with the mechanisms of the Protocol can enable Serbia the access to markets that trade GHG emissions and the access to dedicated funds, self-financing or attracting foreign investments to raise energy efficiency, which will be accompanied by adequate economic benefits. A similar principle can be applied in all countries that are not obliged to reduce GHG emissions. The application of different mechanisms aiming to increase energy efficiency in Serbia, could contribute to the increase of GDP annual growth rate from 5% to 7%, which cannot be achieved by any other economic instrument. Energy efficiency, which is actually a question of competitiveness of each economy, can finance itself through the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol by selling excess emissions resulting from improved energy efficiency

Energia odnawialna i rozwój społeczno-ekonomiczny Unii Europejskiej

The main objectives of the manuscript are the monitoring and measurement of economic and social development, as well as assessment of renewable energy development in EU countries from the perspective of sustainable development. EU STRATEGY 2020 has basic objectives related to energy development, which implies significant changes in overall development. Energy exploitation represents significant factor of economic, environmental and social development in separate countries, as in EU as a whole. The article will present sample methodology for energy strategy assessment, through analysis of basic economic, social and environmental indicators in EU27 countries. This research includes inter alia analysis of energy production in the EU27 countries, energy import dependency, quantity of pollution as result of energy production and consumption, and human development index (HDI). The countries with the greatest values of Total GDP (eg. Germany, France, United Kingdom and Italy) are positioned in the first ten countries in the total emission of CO2, SOx and NOx. The leading countries in the values of GDP per capita (eg. Luxemburg, Denmark, Sweden and Netherlands) have the middle values of pollution as result of energy production and consumption, except Luxemburg which is at the leading place. The relation between energy export and energy import in EU27 region reflects energy dependency in EU27 region and represents essential energy related problem. The country with the best export-import ratio is Denmark.W artykule dokonano oceny wpływu rozwoju energetyki opartej na odnawialnych źródłach energii (OZE) na systemy ekonomiczny i społeczny, prowadząc dyskusję z perspektywy koncepcji rozwoju zrównoważonego. Strategia rozwoju UE do 2020 r. wyznaczyła cele odnoszące się do sektora energetycznego, których realizacja oznacza także zmiany na płaszczyźnie ogólnorozwojowej. Pozyskiwanie energii to jeden z najbardziej istotnych czynników rozwoju zrównoważonego tak w kontekście poszczególnych krajów, jak i całej Unii Europejskiej. W artykule przedstawiono przykładową metodologię oceny strategii energetycznych, uwzględniającą analizę podstawowych wskaźników ekonomicznych, społecznych i środowiskowych odnoszących się do 27 krajów UE. Przeprowadzone badania uwzględniają m.in. produkcję energii, poziom zależności od importu energii, poziom zanieczyszczenia środowiska, będący rezultatem produkcji energii i jej konsumpcji, a także wskaźnik rozwoju społecznego (HDI – Human Development Index). Kraje z największymi wartościami całkowitego PKB (Niemcy, Francja, Wielka Brytania, Włochy) należą zarazem do grupy dziesięciu krajów w największym stopniu odpowiedzialnych za emisje CO2, SOx i NOx. Kraje o największych wartościach PKP per capita (Luksemburg, Dania, Szwecja, Holandia) charakteryzuje średnia emisja zanieczyszczeń pochodzących z produkcji i konsumpcji energii, z wyjątkiem Luksemburga, który znalazł się wśród liderów. Stosunek eksportu energii do jej importu w krajach UE27 odzwierciedla zależność energetyczną krajów UE27, będącą szczególnym wyzwaniem dla rozwoju sektora energetycznego. Obecnie krajem o najlepszej relacji exportu do importu energii jest w Europie Dania

Sustainable energy management - a prerequisite for the realization Kyoto Protocol

Energy management can be defined as the process of planning, directing, implementing and controlling the process of generation, transmission and energy consumption. Energy management is a kind of synthesis of phenomena and concepts of modern energy management (management), or the use of modern settings management in the energy sector. Furthermore, when outlining the basic settings for power management Modern management is based on the assumptions of sustainability and conservation of energy stability for present and future generations. Therefore, modern energy management can be seen as a kind of synthesis of three actuarial sciences: energy, sustainable development and management. Sustainable Energy Management is a unique new concept, idea and approach that require many changes in the traditional way of understanding and interpretation of energy management at all levels. Sustainable energy management concept can not therefore be construed as an adopted and defined the concept, but must be constantly modified and adjusted in accordance with changes in the three areas that define it, and in accordance with the specific country or region where applicable. Accordingly, sustainable energy management can be defined as the process of energy management that is based on fundamental principles of sustainable development

Environmental Taxation as a Tool for Sustainable Development Policy-State Comparison of Serbia and Application of Ecological Taxation Reform in European Union

National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Serbia has given clear guidelines for the direction of the economy, respect for ecological principles, development and implementation of better social and institutional policies. Environmental taxes and all other taxes, the fiscal revenue, but its application has special significance, because in addition to economic, it is ecological, institutional and social character, and as such it is an instrument of sustainable development. With this work the authors suggest moving the value of revenues from environmental taxes in the EU in the period 2005-2010. As this is a period characterized by economic problems caused by the crisis in all countries, there has been a decline in revenues from environmental taxes even in the most developed EU countries. n average, the EU has achieved the highest revenues from environmental taxes in 2008. The largest revenue from environmental taxes has made Germany (EUR 56.031,00 million) at the beginning of the period, while the lowest income in the value of (138,21 million EUR) has made Malta. It should be noted that a downward trend in the character of all countries except Slovenia and Estonia, which joined the EU in 2004. Income that is realized by the collection of environmental taxes is significant and is measured in tens of million, but there is a possibility that the position of business entities that pay for it because it makes it difficult to become less competitive. This paper provides an overview of key economic issues in the use of taxation as an instrument of environmental policy

Sustainable energy management

EU strategic orientation towards sustainable energy development, energy reform and redirecting of companies to new ways of operating and doing business impose need to consider the concept of application of sustainable energy management as a concept acceptable for all companies. By implementing sustainable energy management, companies reach positive results, which primarly refer to reduced consumption of energy resources and reduced negative ecological effects. Apart from that, a company which implements the concept of sustainable energy management creates positive image and improves its competitiveness. The actual application of the concept of sustainable energy management in a company can be implemented in several ways and the application of eco-management concept is considered to be the most acceptable method for realization in developing countries

Pojam, karakteristike i stanje indikatora održivog razvoja u odabranim zemljama Jugoistočne Evrope

U cilju definisanja strategijskih, a iz njih izvedenih operativnih ciljeva održivog razvoja, neophodno je definisati indikatore održivog razvoja. Kao multidimenzionalan fenomen, održivi razvoj ima obavezu integrisanja ekonomskog, ekološkog i društvenog i institucionalnog podsistema u jednu celinu, vodeći računa o njihovom međusobnom uticaju. Kvalitativni pokaztelji koji pružaju mogućnost evaluacije stanja i promena u ekološkom, ekonomskom, društvenom i institucionalnom podsistemu su indikatori održivog razvoja. Indikatori nisu prosta "mera veličina", već su sastavljeni od više jednostavnih parametara i prikazuju složene dinamičke veličine. Indikatori su uslov bez koga se ne može postaviti strategija održivog razvoja i istovremeno su osnova za merenje uspeha realizacije sprovedene strategije. Oni rano detektuju i sondiraju probleme, upozoravajući na ekonomske, socijalne i ekološke štete. S obzirom na navedene osobenosti indikatora održivog razvoja, uz uvažavanje potrebe za jačanjem regionalne saradnje i evropskih integracija, neophodno je definisati i pratiti stanje indikatora održivosti u zemljama Jugoistočne Evrope