4 research outputs found
Trace-Element Analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): a Case Study for Agates from Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was applied to detect
trace elements in agate from Permian volcanics (Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland) in low concentrations and
with high spatial resolution. The used LA-ICP-MS system consists of a DUV 193 laser ablation system
linked to a Thermo Finnigan Element 2 mass spectrometer. The use of a 193 nm ArF excimer laser
(50-200 mJ energy output) and the standards NIST 611 and NIST 612 enables to produce and analyse
small crater diameters down to 5 ΞΌm.
Trace-element profiles have been analyzed for the elements Ti, Ge, Al, Fe, Mn, U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, Cs,
and Y in the ppm- and sub-ppm level. The concentrations of the REE are sometimes below the detection
limit of the method. Almost all elements (except Cu) display higher contents in chalcedony than in the
macrocrystalline quartz. Fe, for instance, shows a 100 times higher concentration in agate bands
compared to quartz, which may be due to finely distributed iron oxide particles in the chalcedony
which probably act as colour pigments.
The trace elements in agate are released simultaneously with Si during alteration of the surrounding
volcanic rocks. Oxygen isotope data indicate that silica accumulation and agate formation took place
at temperatures below 120Β°C. The characteristic trace-element distribution patterns in agate result
from a self-purification process during crystallization of chalcedony and quartz from a silica gel
Trace-Element Analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): a Case Study for Agates from Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland
Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was applied to detect
trace elements in agate from Permian volcanics (Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland) in low concentrations and
with high spatial resolution. The used LA-ICP-MS system consists of a DUV 193 laser ablation system
linked to a Thermo Finnigan Element 2 mass spectrometer. The use of a 193 nm ArF excimer laser
(50-200 mJ energy output) and the standards NIST 611 and NIST 612 enables to produce and analyse
small crater diameters down to 5 ΞΌm.
Trace-element profiles have been analyzed for the elements Ti, Ge, Al, Fe, Mn, U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, Cs,
and Y in the ppm- and sub-ppm level. The concentrations of the REE are sometimes below the detection
limit of the method. Almost all elements (except Cu) display higher contents in chalcedony than in the
macrocrystalline quartz. Fe, for instance, shows a 100 times higher concentration in agate bands
compared to quartz, which may be due to finely distributed iron oxide particles in the chalcedony
which probably act as colour pigments.
The trace elements in agate are released simultaneously with Si during alteration of the surrounding
volcanic rocks. Oxygen isotope data indicate that silica accumulation and agate formation took place
at temperatures below 120Β°C. The characteristic trace-element distribution patterns in agate result
from a self-purification process during crystallization of chalcedony and quartz from a silica gel
Trace-Element Analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): a Case Study for Agates from Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland
trace elements in agate from Permian volcanics (Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland) in low concentrations and
with high spatial resolution. The used LA-ICP-MS system consists of a DUV 193 laser ablation system
linked to a Thermo Finnigan Element 2 mass spectrometer. The use of a 193 nm ArF excimer laser
(50-200 mJ energy output) and the standards NIST 611 and NIST 612 enables to produce and analyse
small crater diameters down to 5 ΞΌm.
Trace-element profiles have been analyzed for the elements Ti, Ge, Al, Fe, Mn, U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, Cs,
and Y in the ppm- and sub-ppm level. The concentrations of the REE are sometimes below the detection
limit of the method. Almost all elements (except Cu) display higher contents in chalcedony than in the
macrocrystalline quartz. Fe, for instance, shows a 100 times higher concentration in agate bands
compared to quartz, which may be due to finely distributed iron oxide particles in the chalcedony
which probably act as colour pigments.
The trace elements in agate are released simultaneously with Si during alteration of the surrounding
volcanic rocks. Oxygen isotope data indicate that silica accumulation and agate formation took
place at temperatures below 120Β°C. The characteristic trace-element distribution patterns in agate
result from a self-purification process during crystallization of chalcedony and quartz from a
silica gel.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (LA-ICP-MS)
Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π», ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°), ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° LA-ICP-MS ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· DUV 193 ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Finnigan 2 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 193 Π½ΠΌ ArF ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° (Ρ
Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ 50-200 ΠΌΠΠΆ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° NIST 611 ΠΈ NIST 612 ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ 5 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ti, Ge, Al, Fe, Mn, U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, Cs
ΠΈ Y Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
< ΠΌΠ»Π½-1 ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ) ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Ρ
Π°Π»ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ
Π² 100 ΡΠ°Π· Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° Π² Ρ
Π°Π»ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ 120 Π‘. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Β«ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
Π°Π»ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π³Π΅Π»Ρ
Trace-Element Analysis by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): a Case Study for Agates from Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland
trace elements in agate from Permian volcanics (Nowy KoΕcioΕ, Poland) in low concentrations and
with high spatial resolution. The used LA-ICP-MS system consists of a DUV 193 laser ablation system
linked to a Thermo Finnigan Element 2 mass spectrometer. The use of a 193 nm ArF excimer laser
(50-200 mJ energy output) and the standards NIST 611 and NIST 612 enables to produce and analyse
small crater diameters down to 5 ΞΌm.
Trace-element profiles have been analyzed for the elements Ti, Ge, Al, Fe, Mn, U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, Cs,
and Y in the ppm- and sub-ppm level. The concentrations of the REE are sometimes below the detection
limit of the method. Almost all elements (except Cu) display higher contents in chalcedony than in the
macrocrystalline quartz. Fe, for instance, shows a 100 times higher concentration in agate bands
compared to quartz, which may be due to finely distributed iron oxide particles in the chalcedony
which probably act as colour pigments.
The trace elements in agate are released simultaneously with Si during alteration of the surrounding
volcanic rocks. Oxygen isotope data indicate that silica accumulation and agate formation took
place at temperatures below 120Β°C. The characteristic trace-element distribution patterns in agate
result from a self-purification process during crystallization of chalcedony and quartz from a
silica gel.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (LA-ICP-MS)
Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π», ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°), ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° LA-ICP-MS ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· DUV 193 ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π±Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Finnigan 2 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 193 Π½ΠΌ ArF ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ° (Ρ
Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ 50-200 ΠΌΠΠΆ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° NIST 611 ΠΈ NIST 612 ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ 5 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ti, Ge, Al, Fe, Mn, U, Th, Ba, Sr, Rb, Cs
ΠΈ Y Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
< ΠΌΠ»Π½-1 ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ (ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ) ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Ρ
Π°Π»ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ
Π² 100 ΡΠ°Π· Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° Π² Ρ
Π°Π»ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΠ³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ 120 Π‘. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Β«ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
Π°Π»ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π³Π΅Π»Ρ