Induction of resistance or enhancement to a transplantable murine plasmacytoma by transfer of non-immune leucocytes.

Newborn mice have a lower spontaneous resistance to the growth of a syngeneic plasmacytoma (MOPC-460) as compared to adult mice. The transfer of different leucocyte populations from non-immunized adult donors to newborn mice influence in a dual way the resistance to MOPC-460 growth, depending on the number of cells transferred. The transfer of a low number of neutrophils, thymus or spleen cells enhances the MOPC-460 takes. Higher numbers of neutrophils, thymus or bone marrow cells induce an effective protenction. By contrast, macrophages over a dose of 1 X 10(4) constantly produce a reduction of tumour growth

CCL16/LEC powerfully triggers effector and antigen-presenting functions of macrophages and enhances T cell cytotoxicity

AbstractThe huan CC chemokine CCL16, a liver-expressed chemokine, enhances the killing activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages by triggering their expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and Fas ligand. Macrophages also respond to CCL16 by enhancing their production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted chemokines, and interleukin (IL)-1β, TNF-α, and IL-12. The effect of CCL16 is almost as strong as that of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ, two of the best macrophage activators. Moreover, CCL16-activated macrophages overexpress membrane CD80, CD86, and CD40 costimulatory molecules and extensively phagocytose tumor cell debris. On exposure to such debris, they activate a strong, tumor-specific, cytolytic response in virgin T cells. Furthermore, cytolytic T cells generated in the presence of CCL16 display a higher cytotoxicity and activate caspase-8 in tumor target cells. This ability to activate caspase-8 depends on their overexpression of TNF-α and Fas ligand induced by CCL16. These data reveal a new function for CCL16 in the immune-response scenario. CCL16 significantly enhances the effector and the antigen-presenting function of macrophages and augments T cell lytic activity

Exploring chitosan-shelled nanobubbles to improve HER2 + immunotherapy via dendritic cell targeting

Immunotherapy is a valuable approach to cancer treatment as it is able to activate the immune system. However, the curative methods currently in clinical practice, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, present some limitations. Dendritic cell vaccination has been investigated as an immunotherapeutic strategy, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems have emerged as powerful tools for improving immunotherapy and vaccine development. A number of nanodelivery systems have therefore been proposed to promote cancer immunotherapy. This work aims to design a novel immunotherapy nanoplatform for the treatment of HER2 + breast cancer, and specially tailored chitosan-shelled nanobubbles (NBs) have been developed for the delivery of a DNA vaccine. The NBs have been functionalized with anti-CD1a antibodies to target dendritic cells (DCs). The NB formulations possess dimensions of approximately 300 nm and positive surface charge, and also show good physical stability up to 6 months under storage at 4 °C. In vitro characterization has confirmed that these NBs are capable of loading DNA with good encapsulation efficiency (82%). The antiCD1a-functionalized NBs are designed to target DCs, and demonstrated the ability to induce DC activation in both human and mouse cell models, and also elicited a specific immune response that was capable of slowing tumor growth in mice in vivo. These findings are the proof of concept that loading a tumor vaccine into DC-targeted chitosan nanobubbles may become an attractive nanotechnology approach for the future immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text

Low levels of urinary psa better identify prostate cancer patients

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Elevated PSA levels in blood tests are the gold standard for early prostate cancer detection, but its lack of specificity limits its clinical use as a mass screening test. The paradox is that it has long been known that advanced prostate cancers can lose PSA expression. We have observed that in the presence of tumors, the prostate produces and secretes less PSA than in healthy or benign conditions. Therefore, the PSA evaluation in urine provided more accurate information on the presence of prostate tumors than the blood test, representing a new method for the screening of prostate cancer. ABSTRACT: Serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) has proven to have limited accuracy in early diagnosis and in making clinical decisions about different therapies for prostate cancer (PCa). This is partially due to the fact that an increase in PSA in the blood is due to the compromised architecture of the prostate, which is only observed in advanced cancer. On the contrary, PSA observed in the urine (uPSA) reflects the quantity produced by the prostate, and therefore can give more information about the presence of disease. We enrolled 574 men scheduled for prostate biopsy at the urology clinic, and levels of uPSA were evaluated. uPSA levels resulted lower among subjects with PCa when compared to patients with negative biopsies. An indirect correlation was observed between uPSA amount and the stage of disease. Loss of expression of PSA appears as a characteristic of prostate cancer development and its evaluation in urine represents an interesting approach for the early detection of the disease and the stratification of patients