2,996 research outputs found
A diagrammatic calculus of fermionic quantum circuits
We introduce the fermionic ZW calculus, a string-diagrammatic language for
fermionic quantum computing (FQC). After defining a fermionic circuit model, we
present the basic components of the calculus, together with their
interpretation, and show how the main physical gates of interest in FQC can be
represented in our language. We then list our axioms, and derive some
additional equations. We prove that the axioms provide a complete equational
axiomatisation of the monoidal category whose objects are systems of finitely
many local fermionic modes (LFMs), with maps that preserve or reverse the
parity of states, and the tensor product as monoidal product. We achieve this
through a procedure that rewrites any diagram in a normal form. As an example,
we show how the statistics of a fermionic Mach-Zehnder interferometer can be
calculated in the diagrammatic language. We conclude by giving a diagrammatic
treatment of the dual-rail encoding, a standard method in optical quantum
computing used to perform universal quantum computation
Stem cell populations in the heart and the role of Isl1 positive cells
Cardiac progenitor cells are multipotent stem cells isolated from both embryonic and adult hearts in several species and are able to differentiate at least into smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. The embryonic origin of these cells has not yet been demonstrated, but it has been suggested that these cells may derive from the first and secondary heart fields and from the neural crest. In the last decade, two diffe-rent populations of cardiac progenitor or stem cells have been identified and isolated, i.e., the Islet1 positive (Isl1+) and c-Kit positive (c-Kit+)/Stem Cell Antigen-1 positive (Sca-1+) cells. Until 2012, these two populations have been considered two separate entities with different roles and a different origin, but new evidence now suggests a con-nection between the two populations and that the two populations may represent two subpopulations of a unique pool of cardiac stem cells, derived from a common immature primitive cell. To find a common consensus on this concept is very important in furthe-ring the application of stem cells to cardiac tissue engineering
Higher-Order DisCoCat (Peirce-Lambek-Montague semantics)
We propose a new definition of higher-order DisCoCat (categorical
compositional distributional) models where the meaning of a word is not a
diagram, but a diagram-valued higher-order function. Our models can be seen as
a variant of Montague semantics based on a lambda calculus where the primitives
act on string diagrams rather than logical formulae. As a special case, we show
how to translate from the Lambek calculus into Peirce's system beta for
first-order logic. This allows us to give a purely diagrammatic treatment of
higher-order and non-linear processes in natural language semantics: adverbs,
prepositions, negation and quantifiers. The theoretical definition presented in
this article comes with a proof-of-concept implementation in DisCoPy, the
Python library for string diagrams.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figure
Adjuvant radiation therapy in stage I seminoma: 20 years of oncologic results
Aim: To report long term oncologic outcomes after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for stage I seminoma.
Method: We reviewed the complete data set for all patients treated at our institute between 1988 and 2005 for stage I seminoma with adjuvant RT after radical orchiectomy.
Results: A total of 85 patients were included. The median follow-3up was 15 years. The 20-3year overall survival (OS) and relapse free survival (RFS) were 92% and 96.3%, respectively. No severe acute and late complications were recorded. Overall 5.9% of patients had a second unrelated malignancy.
Conclusion: Adjuvant RT is an efficacious and safe treatment in stage I seminom
Light cones and repulsive gravity
Contrary to common belief, gravitation can also be repulsive. Examples of repulsive gravity are provided by the naked singularity solutions of the Einstein equations corresponding to the negative mass Schwarzschild, the Reissner–Nordström, and the Kerr spacetimes. We show that their repulsive gravity regions can be identified by a particular behavior of the light cones when use is made of symmetry-adapted coordinate systems
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