COVID-19 pneumonia in a child with hepatic encephalopathy: A case study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the seventh coronavirus, known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). Children often have milder diseases than adults with very rare mortality. Gastrointestinal manifestations and a mild increase in liver enzymes have been reported in 8.8% to 53% of COVID-19 cases. However, liver failure is extremely rare and has not been reported so far in the literature. The prevalence of comorbidities is not clear in children with COVID-19. Here, we reported a fatal case of simultaneous pneumonia secondary to SARS-CoV-2and acute liver failure in a 14-year-old boy with liver cirrhosis. &nbsp

Antibiotic Self-Medication and Risk Factors among Medical Students in an Iranian University: a Cross Sectional Study

Background: Self-medication with antibiotic is a widely prevalent practice all over the world especially among medical students. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and the pattern of self-medication among medical students in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among the undergraduate medical students from a referral university in Tehran, Iran. All data obtained were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences program (SPSS) version 20. Results: A total of 201 students were enrolled in the current study. According to the analysis, 129 (64.1%) of the study population reported that they have self-medicated with antibiotics at least once in their student life. The principal morbidities for seeking self-medication include cough and common cold (23.4%) followed by fever (14.9%). The most frequent antibiotics used to self-medicate the mentioned morbidities were: amoxicillin (62%), co-amoxiclav (19.4%), penicillin (17%), cefixime (16%), azithromycin (14%) and tetracycline (9%). The majority of the participants stated cost saving, convenience and lack of confidence as their reasons for self-medication. The drug selection was mostly based on opinion of family members (31.8%), their own experience (27.4%) and the least commonly reported was selection based on recommendation by net citizens (0.5%). Conclusion: Our study indicates that self-medication is widely practiced among students of the college. In this situation, the health care system should create as effective awareness and educate their students regarding advantages and disadvantages of self-medication

بررسي شيوع سوء رفتار و غفلت از سالمندان در جامعه منتخب از سالمندان در ايران

Background and Objectives: There is no accurate data on the burden of elder abuse in Iran, and few studies have been done in this area. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of elder abuse and negligence in a selected population of Iranian elderlies and also to go beyond and assess its relationship with socioeconomic factors.   Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional study focused on the 300 elderlies aged 65 years which were referred to the Emergency Departments of Imam Hossein, Loghman Hakim, and Tajrish Hospitals in Tehran. A special questionnaire focused on elderly abuse with eight subsets of care-giving neglect, psychological abuse, physical abuse, financial abuse, disqualification, rejection, financial neglect, and emotional neglect was completed by the participants.   Results: Overall, 300 questionnaires were completed. Among the participants, 54% were women. The mean age of the participants was 74.1 years with a standard deviation of 9.69. Overall, 27.7% were unable to meet their daily needs. Also, 51.7% lived with their spouses, 20.3% lived with their children, and 18% lived alone. Also, 40.3% owned their homes, and 85% had health insurance. The highest scores in this questionnaire were related to the subscales of emotional neglect (25.5%) followed by psychological (17.7%) and financial abuse (12.4%).   Conclusion: Maltreatment of the elderly, especially in the areas of emotional neglect, psychological abuse and financial abuse is one of the most important issues in today's Iranian society that may be caused by changing emotional, economic and social values, as well as fading religious beliefs and morals. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to alleviate these problems to resolve elder’s emotional and mental problems. How to cite this article: Oveissi S, Fadayevatan R, Ghanbari-Boroujeni M, Hatamabadi HR. Prevalence of Abuse and Neglect in Iranian Elderly Population. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 8(4):260-5.سابقه و هدف: در كشورهاي جهان سوم آمار صحيحي در مورد سوء رفتار با سالمندان وجود ندارد و در ايران نيز ميزان شيوع سوء رفتار با سالمندان مشخص نمی‌باشد و مطالعات اندکی در این زمینه انجام شده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی شیوع سوء رفتار و غفلت از سالمندان در نمونه‌ای منتخب از سالمندان ایرانی بود. روش بررسی: پژوهش حاضر یک بررسی مقطعی بود که بر روی 300 سالمند بالای 65 سال مراجعه کننده به اورژانس بیمارستان‌های امام حسین (ع) و لقمان حکیم و شهدای تجریش شهر تهران انجام گرفت. پرسشنامه “سوء رفتار با سالمند” با هدف شناسايي و ارزيابي اشـكال مختلـف سـوءرفتار نـسبت بـه سـالمندان در خانواده و شامل هشت زير مقياس غفلت مراقبتـي، سـوء رفتار روان شـناختي، سوء رفتار جسمي، سوء رفتار مالي، سلب اختيار، طردشدگي، غفلت مـالي و عـاطفي برای شرکت کنندگان تکمیل گردید. یافته‌ها: در این مطالعه تعداد 300 پرسشنامه تکمیل شد. در میان این شرکت کنندگان، 54 درصد زن بودند. میانگین سنی شرکت کنندگان 74/1 سال با انحراف معیار 9/69 سال بود. در کل، 27/7 درصد قادر به انجام نیازهای روزمره شخصی نبودند. 57/7 درصد با همسر زندگی می‌کردند 20/3 درصد با فرزندان و 18 درصد تنها زندگی می‌کردند. در 37 درصد، اداره اموال در دست خود سالمند بود، 29 درصد در دست فرزندان و 13/7 درصد در دست همسر بود. همچنین، 40/30 درصد مالکیت منزل خود را داشتند و 85 درصد بیمه درمانی داشتند. سه زیرمقیاس “غفلت عاطفی”، “سوء رفتار روانشناختی” و “سوء رفتار مالی” به ترتیب با شیوع 25/5 درصد، 17/7 درصد و 12/4 درصد بالاترین شیوع را داشتند. نتيجه‌گيري: سوء رفتار با سالمندان بالاخص در حوزه‌های غفلت عاطفی و سوء رفتار روانشناختی و سوء رفتار مالی یکی از مسائل مهم در جامعه امروز ایران است که می‌تواند ناشی از تغيير ارزش‌ها در عرصه‌های عاطفي، اقتصادي و اجتماعي، كمرنگ شدن اعتقادات مذهبي و اخلاقيات و غیره باشد. لذا لازم است اقدامات لازم جهت رفع این مشکلات انجام گیرد تا از مشکلات عاطفی، روانی و بیماری‌های سالمندان بکاهد. How to cite this article: Oveissi S, Fadayevatan R, Ghanbari-Boroujeni M, Hatamabadi HR. Prevalence of Abuse and Neglect in Iranian Elderly Population. J Saf Promot Inj Prev. 2021; 8(4):260-5

A dual H-type tracheoesophageal fistula; why not being repaired simultaneously? A case report and review of literature

Abstract Background H-type Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) is a particular type of congenital esophageal anomalies, in which patients present with non-specific symptoms that can result in delayed diagnosis. Here, we report two pediatric cases with a rarer variant called ‟dual H-type TEFˮ. Case presentation We present two cases of H-type TEF. The first was a 45-day-old boy with feeding problem and cyanosis while feeding, and the second was a three-month-old girl with cough and choking after feeding from the first day of birth. In both cases, two separate TEFs were detected during diagnostic evaluation by flexible bronchoscopy. Both were repaired simultaneously through a cervical incision. The first patient deteriorated 13 days after the surgery, disturbancing in acid-base balance and expired unfortunately. Conclusion Hence, it is necessary to consider the possibility of double TEF in any newly diagnosed H-type TEF

COVID-19 and Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review

Background: Cardiomyopathies (CMPs) due to myocytes involvement are among the leading causes of sudden adolescent death and heart failure. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there are limited data available on cardiac complications in patients with COVID-19, leading to severe outcomes. Methods: We conducted a systematic search in Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to August 2020, for all relevant studies about COVID-19 and CMPs. Results: A total of 29 articles with a total number of 1460 patients were included. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and ischemic heart disease were the most reported comorbidities among patients with COVID-19 and cardiomyopathy. In the laboratory findings, 21.47% of patients had increased levels of troponin. Raised D-dimer levels were also reported in all of the patients. Echocardiographic results revealed mild, moderate, and severe Left Ventricular (LV) dysfunction present in 17.13, 11.87, and 10% of patients, respectively. Conclusions: Cardiac injury and CMPs were common conditions in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, it is suggested that cardiac damage be considered in managing patients with COVID-19