Postharvest Loss Assessment of Banana(Musa spp.) at Jimma Town Market

Postharvest  losses of banana in the supply chain with the total loss found to be 26.5% of  which more percent of the total loss being at the retail market (64.10%) and wholesale level (35.90%). Mechanical damage followed by improper transport and improper storage were identified as the main causes of banana loss at wholesale level while fruit rotting followed by improper ripening  and mechanical damage  were identified as the main causes to the loss of banana fruit at retail level.As a results , the current postharvest management system of banana both at wholesale and retail levels is inadequate. The postharvest management of banana has not been given sufficient attention in the area hence, fruit handlers lack information about postharvest handling practices. It was also observed that there is a knowledge gap between the respondents in their experience of proper fruit handling techniques. Therefore, to reduce the level of postharvest losses of banana in jimma market, focus should be given to postharvest handling practices. The loss can be minimized by awareness creation, education and training about the importance of postharvest losses, adopting better management operations, careful handling and packaging to the supply chain actors. Keywords: Cause of post harvest losses, Post harvest loss ,Post harvest management DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/119-01 Publication date:September 30th 202

Evaluation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.mill) Varieties for Yield and Fruit Quality in Ethiopia. A Review

Tomato is one the most important vegetable crop in Ethiopia. Different variety evaluation experiments were conducted in regions and across regions of Ethiopia by research, higher learning institutions and non-governmental institutions. Among tomato varieties evaluated under open field and greenhouse condition at JUCAVM, variety Marglobe and Moneymaker showed the highest total fruit yield per plant in greenhouse. From ten improved tomato varieties with one local check evaluated at Agaro and Jimma for their yield, Varieties ARP tomato D2, showed superior and scored a marketable fruit yield of 22.18 ton ha-1 at Jimma and variety Fetan showed highest yield 10.67 ton ha-1 at Agaro. In Borena YPDARC, there were variations among the varieties evaluated in fruit yield ton ha-1. In Erer valley of Babile, Melka shola scored 30.86 ton ha-1 and Bishola 28.69 ton ha-1. Under irrigation deficit experiment both shoot and fruit weight loss was decreased with increase in stress level while the fruit dry matter weight increased. The total yield and marketable yields were decreasing as the deficit level was increased. Fruit soluble solid content increased with increase in water stress. Among the Hybrid varieties evaluated at Melkassa, Debreziet, Koka, Wonji and Ziway districts in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia during off-season under irrigation, variety Venis was the highest yielding with preferable quality tomato. In the response to tested locations, Koka site show the highest total yield of 93.45 ton ha-1 which is all most all double of Melkassa area. From the nine Evaluated tomato varieties at Humera agricultural research center (HARC), the highest marketable yield was obtained by Melkasalsa (56.07ton ha-1) and the least yield was recorded by Bishola (17.89 tonha-1). Keywords: fruit quality, fruit yield, improved and hybrid variety. DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/89-03 Publication date: August 31st 201

Evaluation of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.mill) Varieties for Yield and Fruit Quality in Ethiopia. A Review

Tomato is one the most important vegetable crop in Ethiopia. Different variety evaluation experiments were conducted in regions and across regions of Ethiopia by research, higher learning institutions and non-governmental institutions. Among tomato varieties evaluated under open field and greenhouse condition at JUCAVM, variety Marglobe and Moneymaker showed the highest total fruit yield per plant in greenhouse. From ten improved tomato varieties with one local check evaluated at Agaro and Jimma for their yield, Varieties ARP tomato D2, showed superior and scored a marketable fruit yield of 22.18 ton ha-1 at Jimma and variety Fetan showed highest yield 10.67 ton ha-1 at Agaro. In Borena YPDARC, there were variations among the varieties evaluated in fruit yield ton ha-1. In Erer valley of Babile, Melkashola scored 30.86 ton ha-1 and Bishola 28.69 ton ha-1. Under irrigation deficit experiment both shoot and fruit weight loss was decreased with increase in stress level while the fruit dry matter weight increased. The total yield and marketable yields were decreasing as the deficit level was increased. Fruit soluble solid content increased with increase in water stress. Among the Hybrid varieties evaluated at Melkassa, Debreziet, Koka, Wonji and Ziway districts in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia during off-season under irrigation, variety Venis was the highest yielding with preferable quality tomato. In the response to tested locations, Koka site show the highest total yield of 93.45 ton ha-1 which is all most all double of Melkassa area. From the nine Evaluated tomato varieties at Humera agricultural research center (HARC), the highest marketable yield was obtained by Melkasalsa (56.07ton ha-1) and the least yield was recorded by Bishola (17.89 tonha-1). Keywords: fruit quality, fruit yield, improved variety and hybrid variety. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/9-17-02 Publication date:September 30th 201

Adaptation of Released Tomato Varieties (Solanum lycopersicum L. mill) Under Jimma Condition South West Ethiopia

An experiment was conducted for two consecutive years since 2014 to 2016 in Jimma area, south west with ten improved tomato varieties and on farmer’s local in randomized complete block design with three replications. Among the varieties tested, there was a high significant variation (P<0.05) in mean number of fruit cluster per plant, mean marketable fruit number per plant and mean marketable fruit yield ton per hectare in each year  and  mean of two years evaluation. Since 2014/15, Variety Eshete scored highest significance difference among varities with the score of 7.5 in mean number of fruit cluster per plant. Mean of marketable fruit number per plant in variety Bishola, Metadel and Melkasalsa scored highest significance difference among all tested varities with the score of 14, 13.25 and 13 respectively. Mean of marketable fruit yield in ton per hectare was highly significant difference in variety Melkasalsa (33.01ton ha-1) and followed by Miya (28.25 ton ha-1). Since 2015/16, the variety Melkasalsa resulted in highest significance difference in its mean number of fruit cluster per plant among all tested varities with the score of 23.33 which was three fold of its first year. Mean of marketable fruit number per plant was resulted in highest significance difference in variety Melkasalsa (54) which was four fold of its first year (13). Mean of marketable fruit yield in ton ha-1 was highly significant difference in variety Melkasalsa (40.547 ton ha-1) and about 22.83% yield advantage than the former year. The least marketable fruit yield ton ha-1 was recorded by the variety Bishola (6.6 ton ha-1) and Metadel (8.66 ton ha-1). Mean of marketable fruit yield in ton ha-1 over two years was highly significant difference in variety Melkasalsa (36.78 ton ha-1). As a result Melkasalsa was recommended for Jimma area and to be expanded through demonstrations. Keywords: fruit number, fruit cluster, fruit yield, improved variety. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/9-20-04 Publication date:October 31st 201

Heterosis of early generation white maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred lines for yield and yield components in mid altitude sub-humid agroecology of Ethiopia

The objectives of this study were to calculate heterosis of twelve inbred lines of white maize and identify good hybrids based on grain yield data and other yield-related traits. Thirteen inbred lines (13) were crossed in 2017 with two inbred line testers using a line by tester mating design. Twenty-six crosses were generated and evaluated in a randomized incomplete block design (RCBD) with two standard checks and 3 replications during the long rainy seasons between June to December, 2018 at Bako National Maize Research Center, Ethiopia. Also, adjacentto the hybrid trial, thirteen parental lines with the two tester lines were evaluated using RCBD with three replications. Mean separation was done using least significant differences (LSD). The overall mean grain yields (GY) of the genotypes (crosses) were 6.32 t/ha ranging from 5.21 t/ha to 8.19 t/ha. Heterosis for mid parent, better parentand standard were estimated for inbred lines. The highest significant positive heterosis over the best standard check for GY was recorded for L10 XT2 (334.21%). Inbred lines that showed positive heterosis over better parent and midpart for GY can used for germplasm source for maize breeder

Fizička i kemijska svojstva gorskog bambusa (Yushania alpina) uzgojenoga u Etiopiji

Bamboo is the fastest growing plant currently known on earth, a property that enables it to be the best alternative as a future source of wood fi ber. This study investigated the effect of site and culm height on the physical and chemical properties of Yushania alpina culms grown in Ethiopia. Matured Yushania alpina 3 to 5-year-old samples were harvested from Hagere-Selam and Rebu-Gebeya sites. The culms were subdivided into three equal lengths (bottom, middle, and top), and the variations in physical and chemical properties between the two sites and the culm heights of Yushania alpina were investigated. The results showed that the average values of MC, basic density, tangential and longitudinal shrinkage of Yushania alpina culms for Hagere-Selam and Rebu-Gebeya sites were (91.78 and 80.32 %), (0.65 and 0.63 g/cm3), (6.63 and 5.84 %) and (0.63 and 0.56 %), respectively. The average values of cellulose, lignin, extractive and ash contents in the culms for Hagere-Selam and Rebu-Gebeya sites were (52.84 and 50.71 %), (26.55, and 26.04 %), (8.41 and 8.02 %) and (1.95 and 2.17 %), respectively. The results revealed that the site affected the MC, basic density, cellulose, lignin, extractive, and ash contents of Yushania alpina culms but not the tangential and longitudinal shrinkage. The culm height of Yushania alpina affected MC, basic density, tangential shrinkage, longitudinal shrinkage, cellulose, lignin, extractive, and ash contents. In the case of both sites, the highest percentages of MC, tangential and longitudinal shrinkage, and ash content were observed at the base and lowest at the top of the culms. On the contrary, both sites observed thehighest magnitude of basic density, cellulose and extractive at the top and lowest at the base of the culms. The variations in physical and chemical properties at different sites and culm heights infl uence the utilization of Yushania alpina culms for industries and end products.Bambus je trenutačno najbrže rastuća biljka u svijetu, što je čini najboljom alternativom za budući izvor drvnih vlakana. Ovom je studijom istraživan utjecaj staništa i visine bambusa Yushania alpina, uzgojenoga u Etiopiji, na fizička i kemijska svojstva njegove stabljike. Uzorci Yushania alpina stari tri do pet godina skupljeni su sa staništa Hagere-Selam i Rebu-Gebeya. Stabljike su podijeljene na tri jednake duljine (baza, sredina i vrh) na kojima su istraživane varijacije fizičkih i kemijskih svojstava stabljike s obzirom na dva staništa i visinu bambusa. Rezultati su pokazali da su prosječne vrijednosti sadržaja vode, gustoće te tangentnoga i uzdužnog utezanja stabljike Yushania alpina sa staništa Hagere-Selam i Rebu-Gebeya bile 91,78 i 80,32 %; 0,65 i 0,63 g/cm3; 6,63 i 5,84 % te 0,63 i 0,56 %, a prosječne vrijednosti sadržaja celuloze, lignina, ekstraktiva i pepela sa staništa Hagere-Selam i Rebu-Gebeya bile su 52,84 i 50,71 %; 26,55 i 26,04 %; 8,41 i 8,02 % te 1,95 i 2,17 %. Rezultati su pokazali da je stanište utjecalo na sadržaj vode, gustoću te sadržaj celuloze, lignina, ekstraktiva i pepela u stabljikama Yushania alpina, ali ne i na tangentno i uzdužno utezanje. Visina stabljike Yushania alpina utjecala je na sadržaj vode, gustoću, tangentno i uzdužno utezanje te na sadržaj celuloze, lignina, ekstraktiva i pepela. Za oba staništa utvrđen je najveći sadržaj vode, tangentno i uzdužno utezanje te sadržaj pepela u bazi stabljike, a najmanji u vrhu stabljike. Nadalje, u vrhu stabljike s oba staništa primijećena je najveća gustoća, sadržaj celuloze i ekstraktiva, a najmanje su vrijednosti izmjerene u bazi stabljike. Varijacije fizičkih i mehaničkih svojstava s obzirom na stanište i visinu stabljike utječu na upotrebu stabljike Yushania alpina u industriji i za završne proizvode

Density and Seasoning Characteristics of Pinus caribaea Lumber Grown at Suba Forest, Oromia, Ethiopia

Determination of the seasoning characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of lumber species is helpful in identifying the main factors affecting the quality, suitability and overall performance of wood and wood-based products. The Pinus caribaea has been considered as industrial lumber species and there is a little study conducted in identifying the physical characteristics which on turn affects the quality of product derived from the lumber. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the density and seasoning characteristics of P. caribaea lumber. Sample trees were harvested from Suba Forest Oromia, Ethiopia. The experiments were carried out using air and kiln seasoning methods. To measure the initial moisture content, seasoning rate, shrinkage, wood density, and seasoning defects, six replicates of samples from each tree portions were prepared when green and promptly weighed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been employed in interpreting the experimental results. The obtained results have shown that the mean initial moisture content for air stacks was 78.2% while for the kiln seasoning stacks 82.9%. Seasoning time for sawn boards of 3 cm thick to reach 17% moisture continent (MC) required 61 days, while for kiln seasoning took 4.3 days to reach 14.62% MC. This showed that kiln seasoning was about 14 times faster than air seasoning. In air seasoning the MC (%) of the lumber from 78.2% to 16.9%; and, the obtained mean values of shrinkages were tangential (3.6%), radial (1.9%) and volumetric (5.4%). The initial moisture content (IMC) and green density (GD) of the lumber were significant difference along the tree height at a 95% probability level. The seasoning rate % and final MC (%) along the tree height were significant difference at 95% probability level, while the seasoning rate % and final MC were significant difference between seasoning methods at 99% probability level. Seasoning defects such as cup, bow, twist, and crook were observed on kiln seasoned. In addition, end checks and splits were observed on air seasoned boards. Therefore, the experimental factors should be monitored and optimized properly to obtain the lumber with good quality and utilize it for different purposes, including construction and industrial applications

Zoonotic tuberculosis in a high bovine tuberculosis burden area of Ethiopia

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide, caused by species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), with Mycobacterium tuberculosis being the dominant pathogen in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Zoonotic transmission of TB (zTB) to humans is frequent particularly where TB prevalence is high in cattle. In this study, we explored the prevalence of zTB in central Ethiopia, an area highly affected by bovine TB (bTB) in cattle.MethodA convenient sample of 385 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB, N = 287) and tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN, N = 98) were included in this cross-sectional study in central Ethiopia. Sputum and fine needle aspirate (FNA) samples were obtained from patients with PTB and TBLN, respectively, and cultures were performed using BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960. All culture positive samples were subjected to quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays, targeting IS1081, RD9 and RD4 genomic regions for detection of MTBC, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, respectively.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty-five out of 385 sampled patients were culture positive and all were isolates identified as MTBC by being positive for the IS1081 assay. Among them, 249 (97.6%) samples had also a positive RD9 result (intact RD9 locus) and were consequently classified as M. tuberculosis. The remaining six (2.4%) isolates were RD4 deficient and thereby classified as M. bovis. Five out of these six M. bovis strains originated from PTB patients whereas one was isolated from a TBLN patient. Occupational risk and the widespread consumption of raw animal products were identified as potential sources of M. bovis infection in humans, and the isolation of M. bovis from PTB patients suggests the possibility of human-to-human transmission, particularly in patients with no known contact history with animals.ConclusionThe detected proportion of culture positive cases of 2.4% being M. bovis from this region was higher zTB rate than previously reported for the general population of Ethiopia. Patients with M. bovis infection are more likely to get less efficient TB treatment because M. bovis is inherently resistant to pyrazinamide. MTBC species identification should be performed where M. bovis is common in cattle, especially in patients who have a history of recurrence or treatment failure

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an