The Crane-Fly \u3ci\u3eTipula (Tipula)\u3c/i\u3e Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) Reported From Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern North America.

(excerpt) The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) is an Old World group with two introduced species in North America, the European Crane Fly, Tipula (T.) paludosa Meigen and T. (T.) oleracea Linnaeus, sometimes called the Common Crane Fly (Oosterbroek, 2005). Tipula paludosa is better known in North America, long established in the Pacific Northwest (Jackson 1975) and Canadian Maritimes provinces (Alexander 1962), more recently in California (Umble and Rao 2004, S. Gaimari, California Dept. Food and Agriculture, pers. comm.). It is a leading insect pest of turf grass and pastures in these areas, including infestin

The Crane-Fly \u3ci\u3eTipula (Tipula)\u3c/i\u3e Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) Reported From Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern North America.

(excerpt) The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) is an Old World group with two introduced species in North America, the European Crane Fly, Tipula (T.) paludosa Meigen and T. (T.) oleracea Linnaeus, sometimes called the Common Crane Fly (Oosterbroek, 2005). Tipula paludosa is better known in North America, long established in the Pacific Northwest (Jackson 1975) and Canadian Maritimes provinces (Alexander 1962), more recently in California (Umble and Rao 2004, S. Gaimari, California Dept. Food and Agriculture, pers. comm.). It is a leading insect pest of turf grass and pastures in these areas, including infestin

Wing interference patterns are consistent and sexually dimorphic in the four families of crane flies (Diptera, Tipuloidea)

Wing interference patterns (WIP) are stable structural colors in insect wings caused by thin-film interference. This study seeks to establish WIP as a stable, sexually dimorphic, species-level character across the four families of Tipuloidea and investigate generic level WIP. Thirteen species of Tipuloidea were selected from museum specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University collection. One wing from a male and female of each representative species was excised and mounted to a slide with coverslip, placed against a black background, and imaged using an integrated microscope camera. Images were minimally retouched but otherwise unchanged. Descriptions of the WIP for each sex of each species are provided. Twelve of thirteen species imaged had WIP, which were stable and species specific while eight of those twelve had sexually dimorphic WIP. Comparisons of three species of Nephrotoma were inconclusive regarding a generic level WIP. Gnophomyia tristissima had higher intraspecific variation than other species examined. This study confirms stable, species specific WIP in all four families of crane flies for the first time. More research must be done regarding generic-level stability of WIP in crane flies as well as the role sexual and natural selection play in the evolution of wing interference patterns in insects

Hexatoma (Hexatoma) nubeculosa Burmeister 1829

<i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Hexatoma</i>) <i>nubeculosa</i> (Burmeister, 1829) <p>Figs. (54–62)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Larval and pupal characters as in genus and: larva with maxillary palps nearly 2X as long as mandible; spiracular lobes slender, marginal hair on lateral and ventral spiracular lobes of unequal length, ventral hairs much longer; apex of ventral lobes with a few extended darker setae, length 2X length of lobe. Ventral spiracular lobes with thin dark median line apically, bifurcating into “Y”-shaped pattern proximally, lines not meeting medially. Sclerites on ventral and lateral lobes of similar intensity, widest part of ventral sclerite over twice as wide as sclerite of lateral lobe. Mature larva medium sized, length about 20 mm. Pupa with respiratory horns straight, apex flattened and rounded. Cephalic crest with two horns. Ventral lobes (anal spines) of males enlarged, with rounded tips bent dorsally. Sheaths of cerci and valves of of female short.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Length of last instar larvae— 19–23 mm; width— 1.8–2.5 mm. Body covered with short light brown hairs, which give body brownish-golden color. First and anterior part of tenth body segments are covered with longer hairs forming longitudinal rows. Hairs on tergum and sternum are longer than on pleurae. Posterior part of tenth segment is covered with shorter hairs forming short irregular transverse rows. Abdominal segments II–VIII are only slightly longer than wider. First abdominal segment and all thoracical segments are slightly shorter than wider. Last abdominal segment (anal) is constricted. Penultimate segment is distinctly inflated. There are four long stout setae on posterior end of sternite of penultimate segment, 1–2 and 3–4 setae are very close to each other.</p> <p> <b>Head capsule</b> — 1.35–1.65 mm long and 0.85–9 mm wide. Overall structure similar to that of <i>H (E.) californica</i> except: anterior part of labrum with two cushions consisting of one long and one short setae, cushions very close to each other: only apical part of labrum covered with long setae (Fig. 54); basal segment of antennae four time as long as wide at base; three setae on the top of antenna; the longest twice as long as apical papilla, the other two as long as apical papilla; two short sensory pegs at the base of apical papilla (Fig. 55): all basal teeth of mandible differ in size and shape (Fig. 56).</p> <p> <b>Last segment</b>. Spiracular field surrounded by four flattened elongate lobes (Fig. 57). Dorsal lobe vestigial. Ventral lobe is 1.5 times as long as lateral lobe. Lateral lobe almost twice as long as wide at the base. Ventral lobe almost three times as long as wide at the base. Apical part of each lobe fringed with light brown hairs. Length of lateral hairs on apical part of the lobe almost equal to the length of lobe, setae on apex of ventral lobe almost twice as long as ventral lobe. Outer margin of lateral lobe and vestigial dorsal lobe fringed with short hairs. Lateral pair with very narrow, dark, stripe-shaped sclerite on inner margin of lobe, becomes slightly wider at the base, apical part darker than basal part. Ventral pair with pale, narrow sclerite, bifurcates at the base of lobe (“Y” shaped sclerite). Both branches similar in size and shape. Spiracles small, circular, not widely separated, distance between them only more than 1.5X diameters of a spiracle. Inner circle of spiracle dark brown, outer ring light brown.</p> <p>Anus surrounded by four short, white and fleshy anal papillae. Lobes almost oval-shaped and equal in size. Two long setae at the base of each lateral and ventral pair.</p> <p> <b>Pupa</b>. Male pupa is 13.8–15.0 mm long and 2.0– 2.3 mm wide. Female pupa is 14–17 mm long and 2–2.3 mm wide. Pupae are yellowish brown. Head, thorax, wings and tergites of second and third abdominal segments are slightly darker than the rest of the body. Head: cephalic crest prominent, with wrinkled surface, consists of two horn-shaped lobes. Three long setae at base on dorsal side and one seta at the base on ventral side (Fig. 60). Antennal sheaths in both sexes very short, reaching just base of wing (Figs. 58, 59). A large horn-shaped tubercle on the scape of antenna. Basal segments of antenna not enlarged. Two prominent horn-shaped tubercles on labrum (Fig. 60). Labial lobe diamond-shaped. Maxillary palp broad, transversal with small tubercles. Thorax: respiratory horns in both male and female very short, less than one-fourth as long as head’s width; minute annulations along entire length of horn; apex of horn slightly flattened and rounded (Fig. 60). Respiratory horns reach just to base of cephalic crest. Dorsum of thorax smooth. Apex of wing almost reaching the end of second abdominal segment (Figs. 58, 59). A small tubercle with two very short setae at the base of wing. Legs reaching more than half of the length of third abdominal segment; hind pair noticeably longer than others. Hind legs reach transversal row of spines on sternite of third abdominal segment (Figs. 58, 59). <b>Abdomen</b>: segments II–VII bear well defined annuli, each abdominal segment into two parts; anterior part narrower than posterior. Length of both parts similar, except segment VII. Tergites and sternites on posterior part with transverse rows of small tubercles with few setae. Number of tubercles on dorsal and ventral parts varies, usually more than 30 on both sides (except segment VII). Sternites of segments III–VII with two short transverse rows of spines interrupted by broad area. Prominent spiracles almost in the middle of pleurites of abdominal segments II–VII. Slightly near dorsal margin of spiracles situated two setae. A small tubercle with a single seta on the middle of anterior part of pleurite of segments III–VII. Terminal segment of male blunt and narrow (Fig. 61). Ventral lobes (anal spines) enlarged, with rounded tips bent dorsally and noticeably separated from the rest of terminal segment; apical part of ventral lobes almost reaches posterotergal spines (Figs. 58, 61). Posterotergal spines very small, blunt (hardly visible) in some specimens, but very well developed spines with acute tips in other specimens. Anterodorsal and mediodorsal spines small; similar in shape and size with few setae on the tips (Fig. 61), situated almost in the middle of tergum of terminal segment. A small tubercle in between of mediodorsal and posterotergal spines. A small tubercle near the anterodorsal spine. A prominent tubercle with two long setae situated on the pleurite. Sheaths of cerci and valves of terminal segment of female short. Sheath of cerci tapering to the acute tip, directed upward. A short seta on the apex of cerci. Cerci widely separated (from dorsal point of view). Valves close to each other (from ventral point of view). Cerci and valves widely separated (Figs. 59, 61). Posterotergal spine single, more prominent than paired mediodorsal and anterodorsal spines. A small tubercle with few long setae located near the anterodorsal spine (Fig. 62). A large rounded tubercle situated on pleurite.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. This species is reported new for Mongolia. 37 last and younger instar larvae, 10 male and 5 female pupae and 1 reared male. MONGOLIA: 14 larvae from Selenge Aimag, Tushig Soum, Zelter Gol near Zelter, N50.35162°, E105.04436°, elevation 736 m, 26. VII. 2003, SRP 0 4072601, collected by V. Podeniene; 6 larvae and 2 male pupae from Ovorkhangay Aimag, Bat-Olzyi Soum, Orkhon Gol ~ 34 km W of Khujirt, N46.89303°, E102.39457°, elevation 1610 m, 0 6. VII. 2004, SRP 0 4070602, collected by V. Podeniene; 6 larvae from Zavkhan Aimag, Ikh-Uul Soum, Ideriin Gol ~ 28 km E of Tosontsengel, N48.71968°, E98.65184°, elev. 1654 m, 19–20. VII. 2004, SRP 0 4071903, collected by V. Podeniene; 1 larva from Selenge Aimag, Buruunharaa Soum, Haraa Gol 2.3 km S of Bayangol, N48.87738°, E106.12375°, elevation 807 m, 04–05. VII. 2005 SRP, 0 5070402, collected by V. Podeniene; 10 larvae, 8 male and 5 female pupae and 1 reared male from Bayan Olgyi Aimag, Bulgan Soum, Bulgan Gol ~ 20 km S of Bulgan, N46.78006°, E091.30396°, elevation 1801 m, 09.VII.2009, MAIS 2009070901, collected by V. Podeniene.</p> <p> <b>Habitat</b>. Larvae of this species develop only in bottom sand or gravel of large and medium sized rivers. Last instar larvae and pupae can be found in riparian zone usually in gravel or sand.</p>Published as part of <i>Podeniene, Virginija & Gelhaus, Jon K., 2015, Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae), pp. 93-118 in Zootaxa 4021 (1)</i> on pages 112-115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/234783">http://zenodo.org/record/234783</a&gt

Hexatoma

Key to the known pupae of <i>Hexatoma</i> of Mongolia <p> 1. Cephalic crest consists of one pair of horns (Fig. 59). Sheaths of legs reach posterior margin of third abdominal segment (Fig. 58, 59).................................................... <i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Hexatoma</i>) <i>nubeculosa</i> (Burmeister, 1829)</p> <p>- Cephalic crest consists of two pairs of horns (Fig. 34). Sheaths of legs shorter, ending before posterior margin of third abdominal segment (Fig. 36, 46)................................................................................ 2</p> <p> 2. Sheaths of legs reach two thirds of third abdominal segment (Fig. 46). Antennal sheath of male very long, almost reaching to tips of the legs. Antennal sheath of female shorter, reaching tips of wings.. <i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Eriocera</i>) <i>ussuriensis</i> Alexander, 1934</p> <p> - Sheaths of legs shorter, reaching to the middle of third abdominal segment (Fig. 36). Antennal sheaths of male shorter, reaching to tips of wings. Female pupa unknown.......................... <i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Eriocera</i>) <i>stackelbergi</i> Alexander, 1933</p>Published as part of <i>Podeniene, Virginija & Gelhaus, Jon K., 2015, Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae), pp. 93-118 in Zootaxa 4021 (1)</i> on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/234783">http://zenodo.org/record/234783</a&gt

Hexatoma (Eriocera) sachalinensis Alexander 1924

<i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Eriocera</i>) <i>sachalinensis</i> (Alexander, 1924) <p>(Figs. 21–28)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Larval characters as in genus and: larva with spiracular lobes slender, marginal hair on lateral and ventral spiracular lobes of similar length, without extended darker setae at ventral lobe apex. Maxillary palp as long as mandible. Ventral spiracular lobes with thin dark median line apically, bifurcating into “Y”-shaped pattern proximally, lines not meeting medially. Mature larva large, length 30–40 mm long. Pupa unknown.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Length of last instar larvae— 31–41 mm; width— 4.5–5 mm. Body covered with very short yellowish-brown hairs, giving body golden color. First and anterior part of tenth body segments with longer hairs forming longitudinal rows. Posterior part of tenth segment with shorter hairs forming long regular transverse rows. All thoracic and abdominal segments II–VIII slightly longer than wider. First abdominal segment short. Small structures similar to spiracles on tergum of every segment. Last abdominal segment (anal) constricted. Penultimate segment distinctly inflated. Four long stout setae on posterior end of sternite of penultimate segment, equidistant from each other.</p> <p> <b>Head capsule</b> — 4 mm long, 1.85 mm wide. Elongate-oval in shape, depressed dorsoventrally and much reduced, especially ventral side (Fig. 21). Medial labrum border low, broadly rounded, with a lateral fleshy, short and broad lobe scarsy covered with setae (Figs. 22, 23). Long and short setae on anterior part of labrum, a prominent tubercle with sensory pegs located nearby these setae. Few short sensory structures nearby posteriorlateral side of labrum (Fig. 22). Clypeus distinctly divided from labrum. Clypeus diamond-shaped with posterior part broadly rounded, slightly sclerotized. Frons separated from clypeus, divided into two large rectangular lateral plates. Basal segment of antenna cylindrical with upper part directed outward (Fig. 25), basal segment of antenna four times as long as wide, with two short and single long setae on the apical part. Apical segment short, sculptured. Mandible sickle-shaped, with a single sharp, curved apical tooth (Fig. 4), three small teeth at the base, second tooth well developed, the first and the third teeth inconspicuous (Fig. 24). Inner and outer parts of maxilla fused. Maxilla short, almost the same length as mandible; apical part membranous, without short setae (Fig. 21). Cardo reduced into very small sclerite. Hypopharyngeal part of head capsule membranous. Posterior part of head capsule consists of one pair of rod-shaped internolateralia and one pair of rod-shaped externolateralia. Externolateralia (lateral rods) less sclerotized than internolateralia, bent inwards. Internolateralia (dorsal rods) straight and diagonal until midlenght, then medial (inner) margins divergent (Fig. 21).</p> <p> <b>Last segment</b>. Spiracular field surrounded by four flattened elongate lobes (Fig. 26). Dorsal lobe vestigial. Ventral lobe 1.5 times as long as lateral lobe. Lateral lobe almost twice as long as wide at the base. Ventral lobe almost three times as long as wide at the base. Apical part of each lobe fringed with dark brown hairs as long as lobes. Outer margin of lateral lobe and vestigial dorsal lobe fringed with short hairs. Lateral lobe bears very narrow, dark, line (sclerite) on inner margin of lobe, slightly wider at the base. Ventral lobe with very dark, narrow line (sclerite), bifurcating at base of lobe (“Y” shaped sclerite). Both branches similar in size and shape. Spiracles small, circular and widely separated; distance between them more than 3X diameters of a spiracle. Inner circle of spiracle dark brown, outer ring light brown.</p> <p>Anus surrounded by four long, white, fleshy anal papillae (Fig. 27). Lobes almost cone-shaped, equal in size. Two long setae at the base of each lateral and ventral pair (Fig. 28).</p> <p> <b>Pupa</b>. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. This species is reported new for Mongolia. 7 larvae. MONGOLIA: 3 larvae from Bulgan Aimag, Teshig Soum, main branch of Tariankhtain Gol, just upstream of confluence with Egiin Gol, N49.70766°, E103.10295°, elevation 911m, 10.VII.2005, SRP 05071001 a, collected by V. Podeniene; 2 larvae from Bulgan Aimag, Bugat Soum, Altat Gol 35.2 km SW of Khutag-Ondor, N49.21674°, E103.10725°, elevation 1020m, 26.VII.2005, SRP 0 5072601, collected by V. Podeniene; 2 larvae from Uvs Aimag, Davst Soum, Tokhilog Gol 4 km N of Mongolian military border outpost, N50.71740°, E092.59928°, elevation 1043 m, 14–15.VII.2010, MAIS 2010071402, collected by V. Podeniene.</p> <p> <b>Habitat</b>. Larvae of this species develop in bottom gravel of large and medium sized rivers.</p>Published as part of <i>Podeniene, Virginija & Gelhaus, Jon K., 2015, Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae), pp. 93-118 in Zootaxa 4021 (1)</i> on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/234783">http://zenodo.org/record/234783</a&gt

Hexatoma (Eriocera) californica Osten Sacken 1877

<i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Eriocera</i>) <i>californica</i> (Osten Sacken, 1877) <p>(Figs. 1–9)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Larval and pupal characters as in genus and: larva with maxillary palps 2X as long as mandible; spiracular lobes slender, marginal hair on lateral and ventral spiracular lobes of similar length, lacking extended darker setae on apex of ventral lobes. Ventral spiracular lobes with thin dark median line apically, bifurcating into “Y”-shaped pattern proximally. Mature larva large, about 30 mm long. Pupa with respiratory horns slightly divergent, curved posteriorly, apex narrowed to spine. Cephalic crest with two horns.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Length of last instar larvae— 33–34 mm; width—4.0– 5.5 mm. Body covered with very short yellowish-brown hairs, which gives body golden color. First and anterior part of tenth body segment covered with longer hairs forming longitudinal rows. Posterior part of tenth segment covered with shorter hairs forming long transverse rows. Width of all thoracic and 2nd–8th abdominal segments slightly exceeds length. First abdominal segment very short. Small structures similar to spiracles on tergum of all segments. Last abdominal segment (anal) constricted. Penultimate segment distinctly inflated. Four long stout setae on posterior end of sternite of penultimate segment, equidistant from each other.</p> <p> <b>Head capsule</b> — 3.1–3.3 mm long, 1.7– 1.5 mm wide. Elongate-oval in shape, depressed dorsoventrally and much reduced, especially ventral side (Fig. 1). Medial labrum border extended and developed, with a lateral, setose, saw-shaped lobe directed outward (Fig. 2). Long and short setae on anterior part of labrum, a prominent tubercle with sensory pegs located behind these setae. Few short sensory structures nearby posterior-lateral side of labrum. Labrum entirely covered with tufts of short setae. Clypeus distinctly divided from labrum. Clypeus diamond-shaped with posterior part tapered into sharp point and anterior part cut off, slightly sclerotized. Frons separated from clypeus, divided into two large rectangular lateral plates. Basal segment of antenna cylindrical with upper part directed outward (Fig. 3), basal segment of antenna long, more than five times as long as wide, with two long and single short setae on the apical part. Apical segment short, sculptured. Mandible sickle-shaped, with a single sharp, curved apical tooth (Fig. 4), three small teeth at the base, first tooth shortest and blunt, second tooth twice as long and sharp, third tooth slightly shorter than second. Inner and outer parts of maxilla fused. Maxilla long and curved outward; apical part covered with dense short hairs. Maxilla twice as long as mandible. Cardo reduced into very small sclerite. Hypopharyngeal part of head capsule membranous. Posterior part of head capsule consists of one pair of rod-shaped internolateralia and one pair of rod-shaped externolateralia. Externolateralia (lateral rods) less sclerotized than internolateralia and almost straight. Internolateralia (dorsal rods) of head capsule straight and diagonal until apical fifth, then medial (inner) margins slightly divergent.</p> <p> <b>Last segment:</b> Spiracular field surrounded by four flattened elongate lobes (Fig. 5). Dorsal lobe reduced and inconspicuous. Ventral lobe slightly longer than lateral lobe. Lateral lobe almost 2.5 times as long as wide at the base. Ventral lobe almost three times as long as wide at the base. Apical part of ventral lobe with dark brown long hairs, almost as long as lobe. Outer margin of lateral lobe and vestigial dorsal lobe fringed with short hairs. Lateral lobe with narrow, stripe-shaped sclerite on inner margin of lobe, slightly wider at the base. Ventral lobe has very narrow, bifurcate (“Y” shaped), sclerite at base of lobe. Inner branch darker and shorter, outer branch paler, almost reaching spiracles. Spiracles small, circular, widely separated, distance between them more than 5X diameters of a spiracle. Inner circle of spiracle dark brown, outer ring light brown.</p> <p>Anus surrounded by four long, white, fleshy anal papillae (Fig. 6). Lobes almost cone-shaped, posterior pair slightly longer than anterior pair. Two long setae at the base of each lateral and ventral pair (Fig. 7).</p> <p> <b>Pupa</b>. Male pupa exuvia about 20 mm long, about 4 mm wide. Head destroyed and details of maxillary palpi and labrum not visible (Figs. 8–9). Cephalic crest prominent, with smooth surface and two horn-shaped lobes (Figs. 8–9). Antennal sheaths of medium length, almost reaching posterior end of wing (Fig. 8). Thorax: length of respiratory horns 1.5 mm, width 0.3 mm, less than half of head width. Respiratory horns wider at base and taper toward the end. Apex of wing sheath almost reaching end of second abdominal segment. Two long setae at base of wing (Fig. 8). Leg sheaths reaching almost two thirds of length of third abdominal segment (Fig. 8). <b>Abdomen</b>: segments II–VII with annuli, dividing each abdominal segment into two parts. Tergite of second abdominal segment with two well developed spines (Fig. 9). Posterior part of tergites and sternites with transverse rows of tubercles with large spines (Fig. 8). Some tubercles (usually marginal tubercles of abdominal segments III–V) with setae instead of spines. Number of spines on dorsum and venter vary, 25–30 spines on tergites of segments III–V; 14–16 tubercles with spines on sternites of segments IV–VI. Tergites of abdominal segment VI–VII have 8 small tubercles with setae instead of spines (Fig. 9). Sternites of third segment with four tubercles with very large spines. Sternite of seventh segment with eight tubercles with spines. Two additional tubercles with two setae located almost in middle of posterior ring (at the level of spiracles). Prominent spiracles almost in middle of pleurites of abdominal segments III–VII. Two (or on some segments three) setae near dorsal margin of spiracle (Fig. 8). A small tubercle with single seta present in middle of anterior part of segments III–VII. Terminal segment of male blunt and narrow. Ventral lobes (anal spines) well developed, long with rounded tips directed dorsally. Tips of anal spines reach posterotergal spines (Fig. 8). Posterotergal spines large, sharp pointed, directed upward. Anterodorsal and mediodorsal spines smaller; similar in shape and size bearing few setae on each tip, situated almost in middle of tergum of terminal segment (Fig. 9). Large tubercle with long seta near anterodorsal spine. Prominent tubercle with two long setae situated on pleurite. Two prominent tubercles with four setae on middle of sternite of terminal segment. Anterior end of terminal segment with 17 prominent tubercles with spines forming ring on the anterior end of terminal segment (Fig. 8).</p> <p> <b>Specimens examined</b>. 2 last instar larvae and one male pupa exuvia from USA, California Monterey Co., Salmon Creek, 4.IX.1964, collected by C. D. Hynes <b>(</b> UCR collection <b>).</b></p>Published as part of <i>Podeniene, Virginija & Gelhaus, Jon K., 2015, Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae), pp. 93-118 in Zootaxa 4021 (1)</i> on pages 96-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/234783">http://zenodo.org/record/234783</a&gt

Hexatoma (Eriocera) fuliginosa Osten Sacken 1860

<i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Eriocera</i>) <i>fuliginosa</i> (Osten Sacken, 1860) <p>(Figs. 10–20)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Larval and pupal characters as in genus and: larva with maxillary palps 2X as long as mandible; spiracular lobes slender, marginal hair on lateral and ventral spiracular lobes of unequal length, ventral hairs much longer; apex of ventral lobes with a few extended darker setae, length 3– 4 X length of lobe. Ventral spiracular lobes with thin dark median line apically, bifurcating into “Y”-shaped pattern proximally, lines not meeting medially. Mature larva medium sized, length about 20 mm. Pupa yellowish brown with dark wing pads. Pupa with respiratory horns slightly divergent, apex rounded. Cephalic crest with two horns. Antennal sheath short in both sexes.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Length of last instar larvae— 19–21 mm; width—2.5–3.0 mm. Body covered with long brown hairs, giving body golden brownish color. First and anterior part of tenth body segment with longer hairs forming longitudinal rows. Posterior part of tenth segment with shorter hairs forming short irregular transverse rows (Fig. 10). First and second thoracic and 2nd–8th abdominal segments wider than longer. Last thoracic and the first abdominal segments very short. Small structures similar to spiracles on tergum of every segment. Last abdominal segment (anal) constricted, with very long and dense setae, especially on outer surface of spiracular lobes. Penultimate segment distinctly inflated. Four long stout setae on posterior end of sternite of penultimate segment, 1–2 and 3–4 setae very close to each other. Area of longer hairs between second and third setae (Fig. 11).</p> <p> <b>Head capsule</b> — 2.1–2.3 mm long, 0.9–1.0 mm wide. Overall structure similar to that of <i>H (E.) californica</i> except: one long seta on the anterior part of labrum (Fig. 12); third tooth of mandible blunt and much smaller than the second one (Fig. 13); basal segment of antennae four times as long as wide at base, apically with three long setae (Fig. 14).</p> <p> <b>Last Segment:</b> Spiracular field surrounded by four flattened elongate lobes (Fig. 15). Dorsal lobe vestigial. Ventral lobe 1.5 times as long as lateral lobe. Lateral lobe almost 2.5 times as long as wide at base. Ventral lobe almost three times as long as wide at the base. Apical part of lateral and ventral lobe fringed with dark brown long hairs, almost as long as lobe itself. Apex of ventral lobe bears few darker and longer setae, 3–4 times as long as lobe (Fig. 15, 16). Outer margin of lateral lobe and vestigial dorsal lobe fringed with short hairs. Lateral lobe with very narrow line (sclerite) on inner margin of lobe, slightly widened at base. Ventral lobe with very narrow line distally (sclerite), bifurcated and distinctly widened at base forming an overall “Y” pattern. Outer margin of ventral sclerite darker than inner. Spiracles small, circular, widely separated by 4X diameters of a spiracle. Inner circle of spiracle dark brown, outer ring light brown.</p> <p>Anus surrounded by four long, white, fleshy anal papillae (Fig. 11). Papillae lobes almost cone-shaped, equal in size. Three long setae at the base of each ventral pair and tuft of very long setae at the base of lateral pair (Fig. 16).</p> <p> <b>Pupa</b>. Male pupa 18 mm long, 2.9 mm wide. Female pupa 20 mm long, 3 mm wide. Abdomen yellowish brown. Head, thorax, wings and tergites of abdominal segments second and third dark brown, much darker than the rest of the body. Head: cephalic crest prominent, with wrinkled surface and four unequal lobes (Figs. 17, 19). Posterior (dorsal) lobes large, each trapezoid shaped with four long setae (Figs. 18, 20). Anterior pair of lobes much smaller than posterior pair, horn-shaped with single long seta near base. Antennal sheaths in both sexes short, only slightly extending beyond base of wing (Figs. 17, 19). Tubercle on antennal scape prominent in male, much smaller in female. Two prominent tubercles on posterior part of clypeus. Labrum trapezoidal with bluntly rounded apex. Labial lobe diamond-shaped. Maxillary palp broad, transversal with small tubercles. Thorax: respiratory horns 0.8 mm long and 0.15 mm wide in both sexes, less than half of head width; minute annulations along entire length of horn; apex slightly flattened and rounded; at base light brown, rest dark brown. Dorsum of thorax smooth with short longitudinal rows of spines near base of wing in both sexes (Fig. 17, 19). Apex of wing almost reaching the end of second abdominal segment in both sexes (Figs. 17, 19). Two long setae at base of wing. Legs reaching almost two thirds length of third abdominal segment in male and half length of third abdominal segment in female, hind pair slightly longer than other pairs. <b>Abdomen</b>: segments II–VII with very well defined annuli (Figs. 18, 20), dividing each abdominal segment into two parts; anterior part narrower than posterior (length of both parts is similar), except segment VII. Tergites and sternites on posterior part with transverse rows of small tubercles with spines. Some tubercles with seta instead of spine. Transverse rows of tubercles of second and third tergites interrupted in the middle (Figs. 18, 20). Number of spines on dorsum and venter varies, usually more than 50 on each (except segment VII) segment. Sternites of segments II–III with two additional tubercles with two setae almost in the middle of posterior ring (at the level of spiracles). Sternite of segment VII with two short transverse rows of spines interrupted by broad area (Figs. 18, 20). Prominent spiracles almost in the middle of pleurites of abdominal segments III–VII. Two to three setae near dorsal margin of abdominal spiracles. Small tubercle with single seta in middle of anterior part of segments III–VII. Terminal segment of male blunt, narrow. Ventral lobes (anal spines) well developed, short with rounded tips directed dorsally, reach base of posterotergal spines (Fig. 17). Posterotergal spines sharp pointed, directed upward with two setae in middle of length. Anterodorsal and mediodorsal spines small; similar in shape and size with few setae on tips, situated almost in middle of tergum of terminal segment (Fig. 18). Small tubercle with long seta near anterodorsal spine. Prominent tubercle with two long setae situated on pleurite. Two prominent tubercles with four setae on middle of sternite of terminal segment. Terminal segment of female elongate (Fig. 19). Sheaths of cerci much longer than valves, directed upward with few setae on apex (Fig. 19). Posterotergal spine single, more prominent than paired mediodorsal and anterodorsal spines (Fig. 20). A small tubercle with long seta near anterodorsal spine. Small tubercle with long seta situated on pleurite. Small tubercle with two long setae situated on middle of sternite.</p> <p> <b>Specimens examined</b>. 4 last instar larvae, 1 female pupa and 2 male pupae from USA: New Jersey: Burlington Co., Mt. Misery Brook, Mt. Misery area 6.5 km E of junction Hwys. 70 & 72; 39°55’11”N, 37°31’24”W, elevation 38 m, 2.VII. 1993, collected by J. K. Gelhaus and M. Livingston.</p> <p> <b>Habitat</b>. Exposed sand bar at creek edge.</p>Published as part of <i>Podeniene, Virginija & Gelhaus, Jon K., 2015, Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae), pp. 93-118 in Zootaxa 4021 (1)</i> on pages 99-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/234783">http://zenodo.org/record/234783</a&gt

Hexatoma (Eriocera) stackelbergi Alexander 1933

<i>Hexatoma</i> (<i>Eriocera</i>) <i>stackelbergi</i> Alexander, 1933 <p>(Figs. 29–38)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Larval and pupal characters as in genus and: larva with maxillary palps nearly 2X as long as mandible; spiracular lobes slender, marginal hair on lateral and ventral spiracular lobes of unequal length, ventral hairs much longer; apex of ventral lobes with a few extended darker setae, length 2X length of lobe. Ventral spiracular lobes with thin dark median line apically, bifurcating into “Y”-shaped pattern proximally, lines not meeting medially. Sclerites on ventral and lateral lobes of similar intensity, and similar width at widest point. Mature larva medium sized, length about 20 mm. Pupa with cephalic crest with two horns. Pupal leg sheaths reaching middle of third sternite.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Length of last instar larvae— 19–21 mm; width— 1.8–2.5 mm. Body covered with short light brown hairs, giving body brownish-golden color. First and anterior part of tenth body segments covered with longer hairs forming longitudinal rows. Hairs on tergum and sternum longer than that on pleurae. Posterior part of tenth segment covered with shorter hair forming short irregular transverse rows. Abdominal segments II–VIII longer than wider. First abdominal segment and all thoracic segments slightly shorter than wider. Small structures similar to spiracles on tergum of every segment. Last abdominal segment (anal) constricted. Penultimate segment distinctly inflated. Four long stout setae on posterior end of sternite of penultimate segment, 1–2 and 3–4 setae very close to each other. Area of longer hairs between second and third setae (Fig. 29).</p> <p> <b>Head capsule</b> — 1.50–1.65 mm long, 0.85–9 mm wide. Overall structure similar to that of <i>H (E.) californica</i> except: anterior part of labrum with one long and one short seta; apical part of labrum covered with long setae; posterior part of clypeus broadly rounded (Fig. 30); all basal teeth of mandible differ in size and shape (Fig. 31); basal segment of antennae four times as long as wide at base; three setae on apex of antenna; the longest twice as long as apical papilla, the other two as long as apical papilla; two short sensory pegs located at the base of apical papilla (Fig. 32).</p> <p> <b>Last segment</b>. Spiracular field surrounded by four flattened elongate lobes (Fig. 33). Dorsal lobe vestigial. Ventral lobe 1.5 times as long as lateral lobe. Lateral lobe almost twice as long as wide at the base. Ventral lobe almost three times as long as wide at the base. Apical part of each lobe fringed with light brown hairs. Lateral hairs almost as long as lobe, ventral hairs almost twice as long as ventral lobe. Apex of ventral lobe with few longer setae, almost twice as long as lobe. Outer margin of lateral lobe and vestigial dorsal lobe fringed with short hairs. Lateral pair with very narrow, pale, stripe-shaped sclerite on inner margin of lobe, slightly wider at the base. Ventral pair with pale, narrow sclerite, bifurcated at base of lobe (“Y” shaped sclerite). Both branches similar in size and shape. Spiracles small, circular, not widely separated, distance between them only more than 1.5X diameters of a spiracle. Inner circle of spiracle dark brown, outer ring light brown.</p> <p>Anus surrounded by four short, white, fleshy anal papillae (Fig. 28). Lobes oval-shaped, equal in size. Two long setae at the base of each lateral and ventral pair.</p> <p> <b>Pupa</b>. Male pupa 20 mm long and 3.5 mm wide. Pupa yellowish brown. Head, thorax, wings and tergites of abdominal segments second and third slightly darker than rest of the body. Head: cephalic crest prominent, with wrinkled surface; with four unequal lobes. Posterior (dorsal) lobe larger, trapezoidal in shape with three long setae (Fig. 34). Anterior pair much smaller, horn-shaped with a single long seta near base. Antennal sheaths in male very long reaching posterior end of second abdominal segment (Fig. 35). Tubercles on antennal scape and pedicel prominent. Both segments strongly enlarged (Fig. 34). Clypeus has two small tubercles bearing long setae. Two prominent tubercles on labrum. Labrum trapezoid shaped with triangular apex (Fig. 34). Labial lobes diamondshaped. Maxillary palp broad, transversal and bearing small tubercles (Fig. 34). Thorax: respiratory horns in male 1.1 mm long, 0.25 mm wide, less than half head width; minute annulations present along entire length of horn; respiratory horn widest in the middle, apex slightly flattened and rounded, base light brown, remainder dark brown (Fig. 34). Two small tubercles with two long setae at the base of respiratory horn. Dorsum of thorax smooth. Apex of wing almost reaching the end of second abdominal segment (Figs. 35–36). A small tubercle with two long setae at the base of wing. Legs reach slightly more than half length of third abdominal segment; hind pair distinctly longer than other pairs. All legs not reach transversal row of spines on sternite of abdominal segment III (Fig. 35). <b>Abdomen</b>: segments II–VII bear well defined annuli, divide each abdominal segment into two parts; anterior part distinctly narrower than posterior (length of both parts equal), except segment VII (Fig. 35). Tergites and sternites on posterior part with transverse rows of small tubercles with long firm setae. Number of tubercles on dorsum and venter varies, usually with more than 60 on both (except segment VII). Sternites of second and third segments with two additional tubercles with two setae almost in the middle of posterior ring (at the level of spiracles). Sternite of segment VII with two short transverse rows of spines interrupted by broad area (fig. 37). Prominent spiracles almost in the middle of pleurites of abdominal segments III–VII. Slightly near dorsal margin of spiracles situated two setae. A small tubercle with a single seta on the middle of anterior part of segments III–VII. Terminal segment of male blunt, narrow (Fig. 38). Ventral lobes (anal spines) well developed, middle-sized with rounded tips directed dorsally and distinctly separated from rest of terminal segment (Fig. 36). Posterotergal spines very large, sharp pointed, directed upward, bearing two setae in the middle of length. Anterodorsal and mediodorsal spines small, similar in shape and size with few setae on the apices (Fig. 38), situated almost in the middle of tergum of terminal segment. A small tubercle in between of mediodorsal and posterotergal spines. A small tubercle with long seta near the anterodorsal spine. A prominent tubercle with two long setae situated on the pleurite. Two prominent tubercles with four setae on the middle of sternite of terminal segment.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b>. This species is reported new for Mongolia.</p> <p>22 last and younger instar larvae, 1 male pupa, and 1 reared male. MONGOLIA: 5 larvae from Arkhangay Aimag, Ikhtamir Soum, Khoit Tamir Gol ~ 29 km SW of Ikhtamir, N47.48567°, E100.87875°, elevation 1749 m, 15. VII. 2004, SRP 0 4071501, collected by V. Podeniene; 4 larvae from Zavkhan Aimag, Tosontsengel Soum, Delgarakhiin Gol ~ 16 km S of Tosontsengel, N48.61518°, E98.23096°, elevation 1761 m, 20–21. VII. 2004, SRP 0 4072001, collected by V. Podeniene; 10 larvae, 1 male pupa and 1 reared male from Zavkhan Aimag, Ider Soum, Ideriin Gol ~ 4 km NE of Zuunmod/Ider, N48.24995°, E97.40627°, elev. 1929 m, 22–23. VII. 2004, SRP 0 4072203, collected by V. Podeniene; 3 larvae from Hovsgol Aimag, Chandmani-Ondor Soum, Khalkhan Gol 19.8 km E of Chandmani-Ondor, N50.51523°, E101.21074°, elevation 1220 m, 17–18. VII. 2005, SRP 05071702 a, collected by V. Podeniene.</p> <p> <b>Habitat</b>. Larvae of this species develop in bottom gravel of large and medium size rivers. Last instar larvae and pupae can be found in riparian zone usually in gravel, sand or under stones.</p>Published as part of <i>Podeniene, Virginija & Gelhaus, Jon K., 2015, Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae), pp. 93-118 in Zootaxa 4021 (1)</i> on pages 104-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4021.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/234783">http://zenodo.org/record/234783</a&gt

Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae)

Podeniene, Virginija, Gelhaus, Jon K. (2015): Review of the last instar larvae and pupae of Hexatoma (Eriocera) and Hexatoma (Hexatoma) (Diptera, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae). Zootaxa 4021 (1): 93-118, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4021.1.