(excerpt)
The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) is an Old World group with two introduced species in North America, the European Crane Fly, Tipula (T.) paludosa Meigen and T. (T.) oleracea Linnaeus, sometimes called the Common Crane Fly (Oosterbroek, 2005). Tipula paludosa is better known in North America, long established in the Pacific Northwest (Jackson 1975) and Canadian Maritimes provinces (Alexander 1962), more recently in California (Umble and Rao 2004, S. Gaimari, California Dept. Food and Agriculture, pers. comm.). It is a leading insect pest of turf grass and pastures in these areas, including infestin

Gelhaus, Jon K

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 38 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2005 Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2005 Article 10 April 2005 The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) Reported From Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern North America. Jon K. Gelhaus Academy of Natural Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Gelhaus, Jon K. 2005. "The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) Reported From Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern North America.," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 38 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss1/10 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 2005 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 97THE CRANE-FLY TIPULA (TIPULA) OLERACEA (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)REPORTED FROM MICHIGAN; A NEW PEST OF TURFGRASS INEASTERN NORTH AMERICA.Jon K. Gelhaus1The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) is an Old World group with two introducedspecies in North America, the European Crane Fly, Tipula (T.) paludosa Meigenand T. (T.) oleracea Linnaeus, sometimes called the Common Crane Fly(Oosterbroek, 2005). Tipula paludosa is better known in North America, longestablished in the Pacific Northwest (Jackson 1975) and Canadian Maritimesprovinces (Alexander 1962), more recently in California (Umble and Rao 2004,S. Gaimari, California Dept. Food and Agriculture, pers. comm.). It is a leadinginsect pest of turf grass and pastures in these areas, including infesting seed-ling nurseries. Tipula paludosa has the potential to affect cereal and othercrops, as it does in Europe (Anonymous 1967). More recently, T. oleracea, asecond very similar species, has been discovered in the Pacific Northwest andCalifornia at a wide variety of localities and is considered established (Umbleand Rao 2004, S. Gaimari, CDFA, pers. comm.); it may have resided in theseareas undetected for years and been mistaken for T. paludosa. It attacks abroad range of crops and is considered a major pest in Europe (Anonymous 1967,Pesho et al. 1981). T. oleracea has also been recently reported as established inEcuador damaging broccoli seedlings (Young et al. 1999).Tipula paludosa was discovered in Ontario in the late 1990’s and has nowbeen found in a wide variety of localities in southern Ontario, including NiagaraFalls (P. Charbonneau, pers. comm.; specimen confirmed by author). Turf grassdamage by larvae of T. paludosa, known as leatherjackets, has been reportedfrom Ontario as well (Charbonneau 2003). Gelhaus (2001) predicted that thesespecies would spread soon into the Northeast U.S., if not already existing thereundetected. This spread would probably be through movement of eggs, larvae orpupae in turf and nursery soil or through the simple dispersal of adults.A recent light trap collection from Farmington Hills, Michigan, yielded apair of adults of T. oleracea in copula. The collection data is as follows:MICHIGAN: Oakland Co., Farmington Hills, margin of woods adjacent toFranklin Hill Country Club, 42°31’04”N, 83° 19’ 54”W; 28-30 May 2005, JasonWeintraub, collector.The flies were attracted to mercury vapor (160 w) and ultraviolet (15W“BL”) lights run together at a private residence along the margin of a disturbedwoods of Quercus (oak) and Carya (hickory) separating the residence from thegolf course of the country club. The male identity was ultimately confirmed byexamination of the male genitalia to distinguish from T. paludosa, and any ofthe other numerous Old World species in this subgenus. The specimens arevouchered in the entomology collection of The Academy of Natural Sciences.Adults of both species will key to “T. paludosa ?” in Alexander (1942); T.paludosa alone will key correctly in Alexander and Byers (1981). All species inthe subgenus can be separated by using Theowald (1984). Both introducedspecies are very similar in the structure of male and female genitalia, charac-ters used definitively in identifying crane flies. They do differ in other moreeasily observed features, such as flagellomere count, distance apart of eyes, andfemale wing length (Brodo 1994, LaGasse 2000). The adult stage of the twospecies is similar in overall appearance to at least three species of native craneflies which don’t appear to cause economic damage (T. cunctans Say, T. paterifera1Department of Entomology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA19103-1195. (email: gelhaus@acnatsci.org).1Gelhaus: The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: TipulidaePublished by ValpoScholar, 200598 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 38, Nos. 1 & 2Alexander, T. sayi Alexander). These native species can be common, even abun-dant, in habitats (lawns, wet pastures, wet lands) likely to be those inhabitedby T. oleracea and T. paludosa in the Northeast. Adults of T. oleracea fly both inlate spring and fall apparently with two generations per year; T. paludosa adultsfly only in late summer to fall, apparently with only a single generation. Similarappearing native species can be found flying in similar times in the fall as well.It is suggested that adults be confirmed by an expert.Larvae of Tipula (Tipula) are morphologically distinctive from all otherknown native species and can be identified using the key by Gelhaus (1986).Microscopic hair patterns have been proposed to distinguish the larvae of T.paludosa and T. oleracea from each other (Brindle 1959). It is not clear whetherthis is reliable in North America (LaGasse, pers. comm.) The larvae of the twospecies can be diagnosed using molecular markers (Rao et al. 2006).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI thank Jason Weintraub for supplying these specimens and offering de-tailed description of the collection locality. I also thank two reviewers for theirthoughtful comments.LITERATURE CITEDAlexander, C. P. 1942. Family Tipulidae. pp. 196-509. In Part VI. The Diptera or trueflies of Connecticut. Conn. St. Geol Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 64.Alexander, C. P. 1962. Taxonomic studies of crane flies of Newfoundland. AmericanPhilosophical Society, Year Book 1962: 267-271.Alexander, C.P., and G.W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. pp. 153-190. In J. F. McAlpine, B. V.Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, D. M. Wood (eds.), Manualof Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monogaph 27.Anonymous. 1967. Leatherjackets. Ministry Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Advi-sory leaflet 179. 5 pp.Brindle, A. 1959. Notes on the larvae of the British Tipulinae (Dipt. Tipulidae). 6. Thelarvae of the Tipula oleracea group. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 95: 176-177.Brodo, F. A. 1994. The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) in Finland and Estonia. EntomologicaFennica 5: 49-52.Charbonneau, P. 2003. Leatherjackets in Ontario - What gives! http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/turf leather may2198.htm.Gelhaus, J. 1986. Larvae of the crane fly genus Tipula in North America. Univ.Kans. Sci. Bull. 53: 121-182.Gelhaus, J. 2001. European crane flies - Tipula spp. pp. 13-17. In FY2002 EasternRegion Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey (CAPS) Guidelines.Jackson, D. M. 1975. Biology of the European Crane Fly, Tipula paludosa Meigen, inwestern Washington (Tipulidae, Diptera). Wash. St. Univ. Tech. Bull. 81. 23 pp.LaGasa, E. 2000. A graphic guide for identification of adult European crane flies;Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea. http://whatcom.wsu.edu/cranefly/CFid.htm.Oosterbroek, P. 2005. Catalog of the Crane flies of the World (Insecta, Diptera,Nematocera, Tipuloidea). http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/ccw/ (version May 2005, 18,184records).Pesho, G. R., S. E. Brauen, and R. L. Goss. 1981. European Crane Fly: Larvalinfestations in Grass Cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 74: 230-233.2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 38, No. 1 [2005], Art. 10https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss1/102005 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 99Rao, S., A. Liston, L. Crampton, and J. Takeyasu. 2006. Identification of larvae ofexotic Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae) and T. oleracea in North Americausing mitochondrial cytB sequences. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. (in press).Theowald, B. 1984. Taxonomie, phylogenie und biogeographie der untergattungTipula (Tipula) Linnaeus 1758. (Insect, Diptera, Tipulidae). Tijdschrift voorEntomologie 127: 33-78.Umble, J., and S. Rao. 2004. Exotic Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae)in the United States: Geographic distribution in western Oregon. Pan-Pac.Entomol. 80: 42-52.Young, C., G. Onore, and K. Proano. 1999. First occurrence of Tipula (Tipula)oleracea Linneaus (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the New World, with biological notes. J.Kans. Entomol. Soc. 72: 226-232.3Gelhaus: The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: TipulidaePublished by ValpoScholar, 2005

The Crane-Fly \u3ci\u3eTipula (Tipula)\u3c/i\u3e Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) Reported From Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern North America.

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 38 
Numbers 1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2005 Numbers 
1 & 2 - Spring/Summer 2005 
Article 10 
April 2005 
The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) 
Reported From Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern 
North America. 
Jon K. Gelhaus 
Academy of Natural Sciences 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Gelhaus, Jon K. 2005. "The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) Reported From 
Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern North America.," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 38 (1) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss1/10 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
2005 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 97
THE CRANE-FLY TIPULA (TIPULA) OLERACEA (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)
REPORTED FROM MICHIGAN; A NEW PEST OF TURFGRASS IN
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.
Jon K. Gelhaus1
The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) is an Old World group with two introduced
species in North America, the European Crane Fly, Tipula (T.) paludosa Meigen
and T. (T.) oleracea Linnaeus, sometimes called the Common Crane Fly
(Oosterbroek, 2005). Tipula paludosa is better known in North America, long
established in the Pacific Northwest (Jackson 1975) and Canadian Maritimes
provinces (Alexander 1962), more recently in California (Umble and Rao 2004,
S. Gaimari, California Dept. Food and Agriculture, pers. comm.). It is a leading
insect pest of turf grass and pastures in these areas, including infesting seed-
ling nurseries. Tipula paludosa has the potential to affect cereal and other
crops, as it does in Europe (Anonymous 1967). More recently, T. oleracea, a
second very similar species, has been discovered in the Pacific Northwest and
California at a wide variety of localities and is considered established (Umble
and Rao 2004, S. Gaimari, CDFA, pers. comm.); it may have resided in these
areas undetected for years and been mistaken for T. paludosa. It attacks a
broad range of crops and is considered a major pest in Europe (Anonymous 1967,
Pesho et al. 1981). T. oleracea has also been recently reported as established in
Ecuador damaging broccoli seedlings (Young et al. 1999).
Tipula paludosa was discovered in Ontario in the late 1990’s and has now
been found in a wide variety of localities in southern Ontario, including Niagara
Falls (P. Charbonneau, pers. comm.; specimen confirmed by author). Turf grass
damage by larvae of T. paludosa, known as leatherjackets, has been reported
from Ontario as well (Charbonneau 2003). Gelhaus (2001) predicted that these
species would spread soon into the Northeast U.S., if not already existing there
undetected. This spread would probably be through movement of eggs, larvae or
pupae in turf and nursery soil or through the simple dispersal of adults.
A recent light trap collection from Farmington Hills, Michigan, yielded a
pair of adults of T. oleracea in copula. The collection data is as follows:
MICHIGAN: Oakland Co., Farmington Hills, margin of woods adjacent to
Franklin Hill Country Club, 42°31’04”N, 83° 19’ 54”W; 28-30 May 2005, Jason
Weintraub, collector.
The flies were attracted to mercury vapor (160 w) and ultraviolet (15W
“BL”) lights run together at a private residence along the margin of a disturbed
woods of Quercus (oak) and Carya (hickory) separating the residence from the
golf course of the country club. The male identity was ultimately confirmed by
examination of the male genitalia to distinguish from T. paludosa, and any of
the other numerous Old World species in this subgenus. The specimens are
vouchered in the entomology collection of The Academy of Natural Sciences.
Adults of both species will key to “T. paludosa ?” in Alexander (1942); T.
paludosa alone will key correctly in Alexander and Byers (1981). All species in
the subgenus can be separated by using Theowald (1984). Both introduced
species are very similar in the structure of male and female genitalia, charac-
ters used definitively in identifying crane flies. They do differ in other more
easily observed features, such as flagellomere count, distance apart of eyes, and
female wing length (Brodo 1994, LaGasse 2000). The adult stage of the two
species is similar in overall appearance to at least three species of native crane
flies which don’t appear to cause economic damage (T. cunctans Say, T. paterifera
1Department of Entomology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA
19103-1195. (email: gelhaus@acnatsci.org).
1
Gelhaus: The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae
Published by ValpoScholar, 2005
98 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 38, Nos. 1 & 2
Alexander, T. sayi Alexander). These native species can be common, even abun-
dant, in habitats (lawns, wet pastures, wet lands) likely to be those inhabited
by T. oleracea and T. paludosa in the Northeast. Adults of T. oleracea fly both in
late spring and fall apparently with two generations per year; T. paludosa adults
fly only in late summer to fall, apparently with only a single generation. Similar
appearing native species can be found flying in similar times in the fall as well.
It is suggested that adults be confirmed by an expert.
Larvae of Tipula (Tipula) are morphologically distinctive from all other
known native species and can be identified using the key by Gelhaus (1986).
Microscopic hair patterns have been proposed to distinguish the larvae of T.
paludosa and T. oleracea from each other (Brindle 1959). It is not clear whether
this is reliable in North America (LaGasse, pers. comm.) The larvae of the two
species can be diagnosed using molecular markers (Rao et al. 2006).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Jason Weintraub for supplying these specimens and offering de-
tailed description of the collection locality. I also thank two reviewers for their
thoughtful comments.
LITERATURE CITED
Alexander, C. P. 1942. Family Tipulidae. pp. 196-509. In Part VI. The Diptera or true
flies of Connecticut. Conn. St. Geol Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 64.
Alexander, C. P. 1962. Taxonomic studies of crane flies of Newfoundland. American
Philosophical Society, Year Book 1962: 267-271.
Alexander, C.P., and G.W. Byers. 1981. Tipulidae. pp. 153-190. In J. F. McAlpine, B. V.
Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, D. M. Wood (eds.), Manual
of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monogaph 27.
Anonymous. 1967. Leatherjackets. Ministry Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Advi-
sory leaflet 179. 5 pp.
Brindle, A. 1959. Notes on the larvae of the British Tipulinae (Dipt. Tipulidae). 6. The
larvae of the Tipula oleracea group. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 95: 176-177.
Brodo, F. A. 1994. The subgenus Tipula (Tipula) in Finland and Estonia. Entomologica
Fennica 5: 49-52.
Charbonneau, P. 2003. Leatherjackets in Ontario - What gives! http://www.gov.on.ca/
OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/turf leather may2198.htm.
Gelhaus, J. 1986. Larvae of the crane fly genus Tipula in North America. Univ.
Kans. Sci. Bull. 53: 121-182.
Gelhaus, J. 2001. European crane flies - Tipula spp. pp. 13-17. In FY2002 Eastern
Region Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey (CAPS) Guidelines.
Jackson, D. M. 1975. Biology of the European Crane Fly, Tipula paludosa Meigen, in
western Washington (Tipulidae, Diptera). Wash. St. Univ. Tech. Bull. 81. 23 pp.
LaGasa, E. 2000. A graphic guide for identification of adult European crane flies;
Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea. http://whatcom.wsu.edu/cranefly/CFid.htm.
Oosterbroek, P. 2005. Catalog of the Crane flies of the World (Insecta, Diptera,
Nematocera, Tipuloidea). http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/ccw/ (version May 2005, 18,184
records).
Pesho, G. R., S. E. Brauen, and R. L. Goss. 1981. European Crane Fly: Larval
infestations in Grass Cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 74: 230-233.
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 38, No. 1 [2005], Art. 10
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss1/10
2005 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 99
Rao, S., A. Liston, L. Crampton, and J. Takeyasu. 2006. Identification of larvae of
exotic Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae) and T. oleracea in North America
using mitochondrial cytB sequences. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. (in press).
Theowald, B. 1984. Taxonomie, phylogenie und biogeographie der untergattung
Tipula (Tipula) Linnaeus 1758. (Insect, Diptera, Tipulidae). Tijdschrift voor
Entomologie 127: 33-78.
Umble, J., and S. Rao. 2004. Exotic Tipula paludosa and T. oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae)
in the United States: Geographic distribution in western Oregon. Pan-Pac.
Entomol. 80: 42-52.
Young, C., G. Onore, and K. Proano. 1999. First occurrence of Tipula (Tipula)
oleracea Linneaus (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the New World, with biological notes. J.
Kans. Entomol. Soc. 72: 226-232.
3
Gelhaus: The Crane-Fly Tipula (Tipula) Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae
Published by ValpoScholar, 2005

https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2127&amp;context=tgle

The Crane-Fly \u3ci\u3eTipula (Tipula)\u3c/i\u3e Oleracea (Diptera: Tipulidae) Reported From Michigan; A New Pest of Turfgrass in Eastern North America.

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