Concurrent training effects on heart rate variability, blood pressure and fitness of middle-aged men and women

The concurrent training led to beneficial effects on aerobic fitness and muscle strength. However, its effects on blood pressure (BP) and autonomic control marks are little studied. This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent training effects on BP, autonomic control, aerobic fi tness and muscle strength of middle-aged men and women. Thirty-two volunteers (51.4 ± 4.2 years, systolic BP 115 ± 12 mmHg and diastolic BP 78 ± 8 mmHg) were divided into 4 groups of 8 volunteers: male concurrent training (MCT), female concurrent training (FCT), male sedentary control (MSC) and female sedentary control (FSC) groups. A minimum absence of menstruation for 12-months was required. Concurrent training, six resistance exercise for whole body followed by 30 min of jogging and/or running at 55%–85% of VO2peak, was performed three times a week. The main assessments were rest BP and cardiovascular autonomic markers evaluated through heart rate variability (iRR, LF, HF, LF/HF, RMSSD, pNN50, SD1 and SD2), aerobic fitness measured by cardiorespiratory test (VO2peak) and muscle strength by one repetition maximum (1-RM - arm curl, bench press and leg press). The concurrent training did not change any cardiovascular variables. Regarding fitness the MCT and FCT groups demonstrated signifi cant improvement in VO2peak (13.12% e 8.51%, respectively). Muscle strengthimproved significantly in the MCT group in all three exercises (arm curl: 26.53%; bench press: 25.04%; leg press: 65.37%), while FCT in just two exercises (arm curl: 12.79%; bench press: 17.25%). Although concurrent training appears to be a good alternative for inducing improvements in various physical fitnessvariables in male, its can induce concurrence in leg strength of female. Concurrent training is not an effective strategy to improve BP and autonomic nervous system

Association of skeletal muscle and serum metabolites with maximum power output gains in response to continuous endurance or high-intensity interval training programs: The TIMES study - A randomized controlled trial

Recent studies have begun to identify the molecular determinants of inter-individual variability of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in response to exercise training programs. However, we still have an incomplete picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying trainability in response to exercise training. Objective We investigated baseline serum and skeletal muscle metabolomics profile and its associations with maximal power output (MPO) gains in response to 8-week of continuous endurance training (ET) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs matched for total units of exercise performed (the TIMES study). Methods Eighty healthy sedentary young adult males were randomized to one of three groups and 70 were defined as completers (> 90% of sessions): ET (n = 30), HIIT (n = 30) and control (CO, n = 10). For the CO, participants were asked to not exercise for 8 weeks. Serum and skeletal muscle samples were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The targeted screens yielded 43 serum and 70 muscle reproducible metabolites (intraclass > 0.75; coefficient of variation < 25%). Associations of baseline metabolites with MPO trainability were explored within each training program via three analytical strategies: (1) correlations with gains in MPO; (2) differences between high and low responders to ET and HIIT; and (3) metabolites contributions to the most significant pathways related to gains in MPO. The significance level was set at P < 0.01 or false discovery rate of 0.1. Results The exercise programs generated similar gains in MPO (ET = 21.4 +/- 8.0%; HIIT = 24.3 +/- 8.5%). MPO associated baseline metabolites supported by all three levels of evidence were: serum glycerol, muscle alanine, proline, threonine, creatinine, AMP and pyruvate for ET, and serum lysine, phenylalanine, creatine, and muscle glycolate for HIIT. The most common pathways suggested by the metabolite profiles were aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion We suggest that MPO gains in both programs are potentially associated with metabolites indicative of baseline amino acid and translation processes with additional evidence for carbohydrate metabolism in ET142CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP149201/2015-0; 140302/2018-288881.135219/2016-012018/24108-9; 2016/057417Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2018/24108-9, 2016/057417]; Support Fund for Teaching, Research and Extension (FAEPEX) [2021/16]; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [149201/2015-0, 140302/2018-2]; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (PDSE-CAPES) [88881.135219/2016-01]; COBRE center grant from the U.S.A. National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [NIH8 1P30GM118430-02]; NIH-funded COBRE grantUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [NIH 8P30GM118430-01]; National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) [2 U54 GM104940

Far-infrared emitting fabric : effects on endurance performance and related mechanisms

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos de Moraes, Romulo Cassio de Moraes BertuzziTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação FísicaResumo: O tecido emissor de infravermelho longo (IVL), sem uso de qualquer fonte elétrica, absorve energia do ambiente (ex. calor) e a reemite na forma de radiação IVL. O IVL emitido por materiais pode, sem alterar a temperatura, aumentar o metabolismo e a função celular, aumentar a biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico (NO) e Ca2+, melhorar a circulação sanguínea e retardar a fadiga em modelo ex-vivo de músculo esquelético. Sendo os efeitos ergogênicos desta fonte de IVL sobre o desempenho físico em humanos pouco conhecidos, a presente tese investigou os efeitos do tecido IVL sobre o desempenho durante o exercício predominantemente aeróbio e os mecanismos relacionados. Para tal, foram realizados três estudos contrabalançados, crossover, duplo cego e controlados por placebo, com tempo de utilização do traje IVL e Placebo de 96 horas. O estudo 1, utilizando uma amostra de 14 homens jovens ativos, mostrou o efeito do IVL no aumento (25%) do tempo para exaustão em exercício de intensidade muito pesada, acompanhado do aumento da contribuição do metabolismo aeróbio (AMET) e menor estresse oxidativo e nitrosativo, sem alterações nos marcadores de defesa antioxidante, biodisponibilidade de NO e temperatura. A negativa do aumento da biodisponibilidade de NO como intermediário dos efeitos do IVL motivou a condução do estudo 2, o qual, através da análise Metabolômica por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de prótons (1H NMR spectroscopy), investigou os mecanismos bioquímicos relacionados ao aumento do desempenho com o uso de IVL. Utilizando amostra de 20 homens jovens ativos, foi realizado protocolo experimental com as medidas dos metabolismos energéticos, metabólitos e lipídeos séricos em duas intensidades de exercício (moderada e muito pesada). Foi observado aumento do desempenho (23%) e melhora da bioenergética para IVL, acompanhados do aumento das concentrações de 3-Hidroxiisovalerato e AGL, para o exercício moderado, e de 3-hidroxibutirato, Acetoacetato, Fumarato e AGL, para o exercício muito pesado. Embora todos estes metabolitos estejam relacionados ao metabolismo aeróbio, também estão ligados à disponibilidade de AGL, apontando o tecido adiposo como outro foco do efeito do IVL no aumento do desempenho. Os resultados descritos acima indicam a melhora das vias aeróbias de produção de energia como possível mecanismo responsável pelo efeito positivo do traje IVL sobre o tempo para exaustão em exercício de carga constante. No estudo 3, foi verificada a eficácia do IVL para melhora do desempenho de 11 ciclistas treinados em simulação de prova de 4 km contrarrelógio. Os resultados indicaram melhora do desempenho de 2,2s quando comparado ao traje Placebo. A redução no tempo de prova foi maior do que o erro típico da medida, sugerindo efeito ergogênico do IVL para esta população e prova. Os resultados do estudo 3 foram independentes de alterações na temperatura, no entanto também não foram identificadas alterações no AMET. Por fim, a coletiva de estudos que compõem este trabalho confirma o efeito ergogênico do tecido IVL no aumento do desempenho em exercício predominantemente aeróbio, para indivíduos ativos e treinados, aponta o aumento da produção de energia por vias aeróbias como possível mecanismo e também sugere que os efeitos positivos do IVL sobre o desempenho estejam relacionados tanto ao tecido muscular quanto adiposoAbstract: The far-infrared (FIR) emitting fabric, without any electrical source, absorbs energy from the environment (e.g., thermal energy from the human body) and transfers it in the form of FIR radiation. The FIR emitted by materials can, without changing temperature, enhance cell metabolism and function, increase cellular availability of nitric oxide (NO) and Ca2+, improve blood circulation and delay fatigue in ex-vivo model of skeletal muscle contractions. Since the ergogenic effects of this FIR source on physical performance in humans are little known, the present thesis investigated the effects of the FIR on performance during the aerobic exercise and physiological mechanisms associated. Three counter-balanced, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, were performed. The wearing time (FIR and/or Placebo garment) was 96 hours. In study 1, with a sample of 14 active young men, the FIR increased (25%) the time-to-exhaustion of the exercise in very heavy intensity. In addition, it also was observed the increase of the contribution of aerobic metabolism (AMET) and a lower oxidative and nitrodative stress, without alterations in antioxidant defense markers, NO bioavailability and temperature. Due to the absence of increase in the NO bioavailability as intermediary of the ergogenic effects of FIR on performance, study 2 was carried out. A metabolomic analysis through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was performed to investigate the biochemical mechanisms related to performance increase with the use of FIR. Again, with 20 active young men, an experimental protocol was performed with measurements of energy metabolism and serum metabolites and lipids in two exercise intensities (moderate and very heavy). The results demonstrated an increase on performance (23%) and improvements in bioenergetics for FIR, as well as the increase on concentrations of 3-Hydroxyisovalerate and FFA for moderate exercise, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, Acetoacetate, Fumarate and FFA for very heavy exercise. Although all metabolite are related to aerobic metabolism, they also are derived from fat metabolism, pointing adipose tissue as another focus of the FIR to improve performance. The results described above indicate the improvement of the aerobic energy production pathway as a possible mechanism responsible for the positive effect of the FIR on the time-to-exhaustion in constant load exercise. Study 3 verified the efficiency of the FIR to improve the performance of 11 trained cyclists in simulation of 4 km time-trial. The results indicated an improvement in the performance of 2.2s when compared FIR to Placebo. The time reduction to complete the 4 km time-trial with FIR was greater than the measurement typical error suggesting the ergogenic effect of the FIR garment for this population and test. Again, these results were independent of changes in temperature, however no changes in AMET were identified. Finally, all studies that compose this thesis confirm the ergogenic effect of the FIR on endurance performance improvements for both active and trained individuals. A possible mechanism is associated with the increase of aerobic energy production. It is also suggested that the positive effects of the FIR on performance are associated to both to muscle and adipose tissueDoutoradoBiodinamica do Movimento e EsporteDoutor em Educação Física159786/2014-2CNP