Carbon burning in intermediate mass primordial stars

The evolution of a zero metallicity 9 M_s star is computed, analyzed and compared with that of a solar metallicity star of identical ZAMS mass. Our computations range from the main sequence until the formation of a massive oxygen-neon white dwarf. Special attention has been payed to carbon burning in conditions of partial degeneracy as well as to the subsequent thermally pulsing Super-AGB phase. The latter develops in a fashion very similar to that of a solar metallicity 9 M_s star, as a consequence of the significant enrichment in metals of the stellar envelope that ensues due to the so-called third dredge-up episode. The abundances in mass of the main isotopes in the final ONe core resulting from the evolution are X(^{16}O) approx 0.59, X(^{20}Ne) approx 0.28 and X(^{24}Mg) approx 0.05. This core is surrounded by a 0.05 M_s buffer mainly composed of carbon and oxygen, and on top of it a He envelope of mass 10^{-4} M_sComment: 11 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&

The role of age and biological sex on short-term memory in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Background: Aging plays an important role in cognitive function, memory, and mental health. As we age, some cognitive functions become weaker. Aging is also a critical risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease. With recent advances seen in public health, humans are living longer years. This makes it a challenge to make those added years healthy. For this reason, it is important to continue studying its effects by using, the Syrian hamster, as a model. The purpose of the study is to identify other factors that might also have a role in short-term memory, besides aging. Methods: All behavioral experiments were conducted using a 16-hole board apparatus. Each hole was categorized as a zone to collect data. Zone 6 was used to expose the control/treatment during trial 2. Subjects were exposed to either clean or dirty bedding (corresponding to opposite sex odors), control or treatment during this trial. Animals were placed in the hole board for five 3-minute trials; Preexposure, Treatment/Exposure, and Memory tests 1-3. Memory tests 2 and 3 consisted of 15 and 30-minute inter-trial intervals, respectfully, from time of exposure to treatment/control. Three cohorts of male (n=28) and female (n=36) subjects, including young, middle, and old aged dependent on their date of birth, randomly chosen. First, Preexposure trial was done for 3 minutes to collect data on zone preference and expose hamsters to the apparatus. Second, hamsters were exposed to treatment/control on trial 2 for 3 minutes. Thorough cleaning done in between each trial. Hamsters were then tested right after cleaning for memory trial 1. Memory trial 2 took place 15 minutes from the time of treatment/control exposure. Memory trial 3, 30 minutes from the time of treatment/control exposure. Results: Data was collected using ANY-maze tracking system and analyzed with SPSS software using repeated measures ANOVA. Males had more overall entries into the stimulus zone (6) compared to females F (1, 41) = 10.507, p=0.002, but there was no significant interaction between sex and trials F (3, 123) =1.648, p=0.182. There was no sex difference in overall entries into a neutral zone (1) F (1, 41) =0.012, p=0.914 and there was no significant interaction between sex and trials F (3, 123) =0.603, p=0.614. There was no significant interaction between age and trials; old cohort - F (1,41) = .260, p=.613; middle cohort - F (1,41) = 1.526, p=.224; young cohort – F (1,41) = .143, p=.7.07. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence that the Syrian hamster is an excellent animal model for the study of exploring sex differences in learning and memory. Males approached a social stimulus more often than females, and the middle-aged cohort demonstrated a higher main effect during memory trials. In this present study, we will further explore factors like, housing, weight, and age, and their role in short-term memory

SARS-CoV-2 infection: A role for S1P/S1P receptor signaling in the nervous system?

The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is still spreading worldwide. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, binds to its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and replicates within the cells of the nasal cavity, then spreads along the airway tracts, causing mild clinical manifestations, and, in a majority of patients, a persisting loss of smell. In some individuals, SARS-CoV-2 reaches and infects several organs, including the lung, leading to severe pulmonary disease. SARS-CoV-2 induces neurological symptoms, likely contributing to morbidity and mortality through unknown mechanisms. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid with pleiotropic properties and functions in many tissues, including the nervous system. S1P regulates neurogenesis and inflammation and it is implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Notably, Fingolimod (FTY720), a modulator of S1P receptors, has been approved for the treatment of MS and is being tested for COVID-19. Here, we discuss the putative role of S1P on viral infection and in the modulation of inflammation and survival in the stem cell niche of the olfactory epithelium. This could help to design therapeutic strategies based on S1P-mediated signaling to limit or overcome the host–virus interaction, virus propagation and the pathogenesis and complications involving the nervous system

Industry-peppers harvest mechanization.

Production of peppers for deshidration (paprika) and for extraction of natural colorants is of great importance in some Mediterranean irrigation areas. In the area of Badajoz (Spain) traditional production, handling and postharvest systems are no longer feasible, although a very good quality and potential market exist for this product. All aspects of mechanized production and handling have been addressed: direct seeding and transplanting, cultivation systems and mechanical harvesting are searched to be adopted in a new production system. A study of size, shape and fruiting pattern of the new varieties was performed. A feasibility study of mechanized harvesting was also made. Results of field testing of different types of harvesters and performance of existing picking heads are presented, some of which yield a feasible solution for the growers of industry peppers in the area. The design, construction and field testing results of a new picking head based on the double-helix principle is presented

The population of Comet candidates among quasi-Hilda objects revisited and updated

In this paper, we perform a dynamical study of the population of objects in the unstable quasi-Hilda region. The aim of this work is to make an update of the population of quasi-Hilda comets (QHCs) that have recently arrived from the Centaurs region. To achieve our goal, we have applied a dynamical criteria to constrain the unstable quasi-Hilda region that allowed us to select 828 potential candidates. The orbital data of the potential candidates was take from the ASTORB database and we apply backward integration to search by those that have recently arrived from the outer regions of the Solar System. Then we studied the dynamical evolution of the candidates from a statistical point of view by calculating the time-averaged distribution of a number of clones of each candidate as a function of aphelion and perihelion distances. We found that 47 objects could have been recently injected into the inner Solar System from the Centaur or transneptunian regions. These objects may have preserved volatile material and are candidates to exhibit cometary activity.Comment: 7 pages 3 figure

Potential benefits of melatonin in organ transplantation: a review

Organ transplantation is a useful therapeutic tool for patients with end-stage organ failure; however, graft rejection is a major obstacle in terms of a successful treatment. Rejection is usually a consequence of a complex immunological and nonimmunological antigen-independent cascade of events, including free radical-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). To reduce the frequency of this outcome, continuing improvements in the efficacy of antirejection drugs are a top priority to enhance the long-term survival of transplant recipients. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a powerful antioxidant and ant-inflammatory agent synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan; it is produced by the pineal gland as well as by many other organs including ovary, testes, bone marrow, gut, placenta, and liver. Melatonin has proven to be a potentially useful therapeutic tool in the reduction of graft rejection. Its benefits are based on its direct actions as a free radical scavenger as well as its indirect antioxidative actions in the stimulation of the cellular antioxidant defense system. Moreover, it has significant anti-inflammatory activity. Melatonin has been found to improve the beneficial effects of preservation fluids when they are enriched with the indoleamine. This article reviews the experimental evidence that melatonin is useful in reducing graft failure, especially in cardiac, bone, otolaryngology, ovarian, testicular, lung, pancreas, kidney, and liver transplantation

Fisheries and reproductive biology of Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Gulf of Alicante (Northwestern Mediterranean)

The common octopus Octopus vulgarisCuvier, 1797 is the most fished cephalopod species along the Spanish coasts. Its catches are highly fluctuating due to the short life cycle of the species and to the annual variability of the recruitment pattern, strongly dependent on the environmental conditions affecting the eggs and paralarvae. This study examines the common octopus fishery, the catch composition, and the main features of the reproductive biology of this species in the Gulf of Alicante (Spanish Eastern coast, Western Mediterranean FAO division 37.1.1). The common octopus fishery was studied analysing the monthly landing and effort data by fishing gear from 1994 to 2005. Monthly samplings of the commercial O. vulgarislandings from trawlers and clay pots from January 2004 to December 2005 resulted in the measuring of 1833 specimens to enable analysis of the catch composition, and allowed the biological sampling of 1176 individuals to provide the reproductive parameters of the species in the study area. The length-weight relationship calculated for the species was BW = 0.51 * DML 2.87. The yearly sex ratios (males:females) were 1:1 (trawl, 2004), 1:0.74 (trawl, 2005), and 1:0.88 (clay pots, 2005). The size (dorsal mantle length, DML) at maturity of the species in the study area was 9.67 cm for males and 14.38 cm for females. The gonadosomatic index reached a peak between April and July for males and in July for females. The Fulton condition index was lower in both sexes between June and September, and for males in November-December, whereas for both sexes the values of the digestive gland index were at their maximum between June and December. The energy allocation between somatic and reproductive growth was investigated and the results suggested that the energy spent on reproduction mainly came from feeding, and not from energy stored in the mantle tissues or in the digestive glan