Pay Inequality in Cuba: the Special Period and After

This paper analyzes the evolution of pay inequality in Cuba from the early 1990s through 2004, during what was known as the “Special Period in Times of Peace” and after. We measure pay inequality across sectors and regions, using the between-groups component of Theil’s T statistic, and we map the changing components of that statistic in order to provide a compact summary of structural change in Cuba. This method helps us to observe the transition of the Cuban economy from one based fundamentally on sugar to one based largely on services, especially tourism, but also others with greater growth potential, such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. Regionally, we observe that a main dividing line between winners and losers is the presence of tourist attractions: the recent increase of regional pay inequality is associated primarily with changing incomes in the city of Havana and the province of Matanzas.

Interfacial solitary wave run-up in the St. Lawrence Estuary

Density variations show evidence of interfacial solitary waves (ISW) running up the sloping boundary of an island in the St. Lawrence Estuary, confirming inferences based remote sensing. Further detail is suggested by simulations created with a two-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model. The simulations confirm theoretical predictions of the location of wave breaking, something that is difficult to observe in the field. Two other results of the simulations match laboratory findings: the creation of turbulent boluses that propagate upslope of the breaking zone, and the creation of an intermediate layer that transports mixed water away from the mixing site. Although our sampling could not resolve the intermediate mixing layer, it did provide evidence of boluses. In addition to ISW breaking the bolus and intrusion effects may also be important in coastal regions

The Role of Prosocial Behaviors in Mate Choice: a Critical Review of the Literature

Research has focused on the role of prosocial behaviors in mate choice, across both social and evolutionary psychology. Several studies provide strong support for the role of altruism in mate choice, whereby people find prosociality attractive in potential mates. As most research focuses on the role of altruism in mate choice, most research has found that people exhibit altruism towards attractive people, suggesting altruistic behavior is driven by mate choice motivation. Although studies have supported the notion that men’s altruism towards women is driven by mate choice, the findings are inconsistent, which may be due to the methodologies adopted by researchers. To our knowledge, this review paper is the first to critically review the literature concerning prosociality and mate choice. We provide an outline of the research thus far, methodological issues, and considerations for future research

Generation of internal solitary waves by frontally forced intrusions in geophysical flows

International audienceInternal solitary waves are hump-shaped, large-amplitude waves that are physically analogous to surface waves except that they propagate within the fluid, along density steps that typically characterize the layered vertical structure of lakes, oceans and the atmosphere. As do surface waves, internal solitary waves may overturn and break, and the process is thought to provide a globally significant source of turbulent mixing and energy dissipation. Although commonly observed in geophysical fluids, the origins of internal solitary waves remain unclear. Here we report a rarely observed natural case of the birth of internal solitary waves from a frontally forced interfacial gravity current intruding into a two-layer and vertically sheared background environment. The results of the analysis carried out suggest that fronts may represent additional and unexpected sources of internal solitary waves in regions of lakes, oceans and atmospheres that are dynamically similar to the situation examined here in the Saguenay Fjord, Canada

Turbulence and boluses on an internal beach

In a manner similar to that of surface waves on beaches, high-frequency interfacial waves (IWs) may break when approaching the \u27internal coastline,\u27 where the undisturbed pycnocline intersects the shoaling bottom. This process has been studied previously in idealized laboratory and numerical experiments but there are few field observations to document the properties of IWs shoaling on natural internal beaches. This paper presents observations of currents, density and turbulence collected inshore of the break point of an internal beach of the St. Lawrence Estuary. A series of large- and small-amplitude complex-shaped and unorganized internal boluses was observed. The structure of these boluses is discussed, along with their role in boundary turbulence and transport

Pressure, temperature, salinity and dissolved-oxygen profile data from R/V Atlantis II cruise 107 : leg X

This report summarizes in graphical and tabular form the continuous conductivity-temperature-pressure-dissolved-oxygen (CTD02) data collected during the R/V ATLANTIS II Cruise 107, Leg X. These data were collected in the .austral winter of 1980 as part of the International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) to evaluate and test various Antarctic Intermediate Water formation and circulation mechanisms.Prepared for the National Science Foundation - Office of International Decade of Ocean Exploration under Grant OCE-78-22223

Measurements of shoaling internal waves and turbulence in an estuary

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 118 (2013): 273–286, doi:10.1029/2012JC008154.The shoaling of horizontally propagating internal waves may represent an important source of mixing and transport in estuaries and coastal seas. Including such effects in numerical models demands improvements in the understanding of several aspects of the energetics, especially those relating to turbulence generation, and observations are needed to build this understanding. To address some of these issues in the estuarine context, we undertook an intensive field program for 10 days in the summer of 2008 in the St. Lawrence Estuary. The sampling involved shore-based photogrammetry, ship-based surveys, and an array of moorings in the shoaling region that held both conventional and turbulence-resolving sensors. The measurements shed light on many aspects of the wave shoaling process. Wave arrivals were generally phase-locked with the M2 tide, providing hints about far-field forcing. In the deeper part of the study domain, the waves propagated according to the predictions of linear theory. In intermediate-depth waters, the waves traversed the field site perpendicularly to isobaths, a pattern that continued as the waves transformed nonlinearly. Acoustic Doppler velocimeters permitted inference of the turbulent energetics, and two main features were studied. First, during a period of shoaling internal waves, turbulence dissipation rates exceeded values associated with tidal shear by an order of magnitude. Second, the evolving spectral signatures associated with a particular wave-shoaling event suggest that the turbulence is at least partly locally generated. Overall, the results of this study suggest that parameterizations of wave-induced mixing could employ relatively simple dynamics in deep water, but may have to handle a wide suite of turbulence generation and transport mechanisms in inshore regions.The work was supported by the Killam Foundation, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.2013-07-3

Antibiotics for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children

Objectives: This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of oral antibiotics for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children

Adenoidectomy for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children

OBJECTIVES: This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows:. To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of adenoidectomy, either alone or in combination with ventilation tubes (grommets), for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children

Autoinflation for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children

Objectives: This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of autoinflation for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children