Integrating Academic and Non-Academic Instruction for Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders

Students with emotional/behavioral disorders exhibit a wide range of academic and behavioral problems. Not surprisingly, there is growing support for integrating instruction to address overlapping students\u27 needs in both areas. In this article, we discuss instructional variables that contribute to a positive classroom climate and that serve as setting events for more focused group-individual instructional programs. We draw on the accumulated research to identify common non-academic challenges that should be incorporated into those programs. We examine issues that relate to the efficacy of instruction and also the cultural and chronological age differences among students and how they relate to planning for instruction. Finally, we offer several forms that illustrate ways to combine academics and non-academics into a manageable instructional plan

Desire and Dread from the Nucleus Accumbens: Cortical Glutamate and Subcortical GABA Differentially Generate Motivation and Hedonic Impact in the Rat

Background: GABAergic signals to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell arise from predominantly subcortical sources whereas glutamatergic signals arise mainly from cortical-related sources. Here we contrasted GABAergic and glutamatergic generation of hedonics versus motivation processes, as a proxy for comparing subcortical and cortical controls of emotion. Local disruptions of either signals in medial shell of NAc generate intense motivated behaviors corresponding to desire and/or dread, along a rostrocaudal gradient. GABA or glutamate disruptions in rostral shell generate appetitive motivation whereas disruptions in caudal shell elicit fearful motivation. However, GABA and glutamate signals in NAc differ in important ways, despite the similarity of their rostrocaudal motivation gradients. Methodology/Principal Findings: Microinjections of a GABAA agonist (muscimol), or of a glutamate AMPA antagonist (DNQX) in medial shell of rats were assessed for generation of hedonic ‘‘liking’ ’ or ‘‘disliking’ ’ by measuring orofacial affective reactions to sucrose-quinine taste. Motivation generation was independently assessed measuring effects on eating versus natural defensive behaviors. For GABAergic microinjections, we found that the desire-dread motivation gradient was mirrored by an equivalent hedonic gradient that amplified affective taste ‘‘liking’ ’ (at rostral sites) versus ‘‘disliking’ ’ (at caudal sites). However, manipulation of glutamatergic signals completely failed to alter pleasure-displeasure reactions to sensory hedonic impact, despite producing a strong rostrocaudal gradient of motivation

Political Development and Social Change

xii.599 hal.;23 c

Political development and social change

xvi+658hlm.;23c

Ab initio calculations as a quantitative tool in the inelastic neutron scattering study of a single-molecule magnet analogue

Ab initio calculations of the electronic structure of Na9[Tb(W5O18)2] have allowed interpretation of the inelastic neutron scattering spectra, revealing the subtle relationship between molecular geometry and magnetic properties of two isostructural species.</p

Carbonate-Bridged Lanthanoid Triangles: Single-Molecule Magnet Behavior, Inelastic Neutron Scattering, and Ab Initio Studies

Optimization of literature synthetic procedures has afforded, in moderate yield, homogeneous and crystalline samples of the five analogues Na₁₁[{RE­(OH₂)}₃CO₃(PW₉O₃₄)₂] (<b>1-RE</b>; RE = Y, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er). Phase-transfer methods have allowed isolation of the mixed salts (Et₄N)₉Na₂[{RE­(OH₂)}₃CO₃(PW₉O₃₄)₂] (<b>2-RE</b>; RE = Y and Er). The isostructural polyanions in these compounds are comprised of a triangular arrangement of trivalent rare-earth ions bridged by a μ₃-carbonate ligand and sandwiched between two trilacunary Keggin {PW₉O₃₄} polyoxometalate ligands. Alternating-current (ac) magnetic susceptibility studies of <b>1-Dy</b>, <b>1-Er</b>, and <b>2-Er</b> reveal the onset of frequency dependence for the out-of-phase susceptibility in the presence of an applied magnetic field at the lowest measured temperatures. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of <b>1-Ho</b> and <b>1-Er</b> exhibit transitions between the lowest-lying crystal-field (CF) split states of the respective <i>J</i> = 8 and ¹⁵/₂ ground-state spin–orbit multiplets of the Ho^III and Er^III ions. Complementary ab initio calculations performed for these two analogues allow excellent reproduction of the experimental magnetic susceptibility and low-temperature magnetization data and are in reasonable agreement with the experimental INS data. The ab initio calculations reveal that the slight difference in coordination environments of the three Ln^III ions in each complex gives rise to differences in the CF splitting that are not insignificant. This theoretical result is consistent with the observation of multiple relaxation processes by ac magnetic susceptibility and the broadness of the measured INS peaks. The ab initio calculations also indicate substantial mixing of the <i>M</i>_<i>J</i> contributions to the CF split energy levels of each Ln^III ion. Calculations indicate that the CF ground states of the Ho^III centers in <b>1-Ho</b> are predominantly comprised of contributions from small <i>M</i>_<i>J</i>, while those of the Er^III centers in <b>1-Er</b> are predominantly comprised of contributions from large <i>M</i>_<i>J</i>, giving rise to slow magnetic relaxation. Although no direct evidence for intramolecular RE···RE magnetic coupling is observed in either magnetic or INS studies, on the basis of the ab initio calculations, we find noncollinear magnetic axes in <b>1-Er</b> that are coplanar with the erbium triangle and radially arranged with respect to the triangle’s centroid; thus, we argue that the absence of magnetic coupling in this system arises from dipolar and antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions that cancel each other out