Semen Cryopreservation in Brazilian Freshwater Fish: Advances and Main Challenges

Studies on semen cryopreservation in Brazilian freshwater fish have been growing in number of publications and investigated species. Despite this apparent increase in research, standardization of cryoprotocols is still missing, making it clear that the grounds on the quality of cryopreserved semen has not yet reached a level that guarantee satisfactory results for its replication. This chapter aims to make a critical and reflective analysis on the ways cryopreservation of freshwater fish semen has been conducted in Brazil. The difficulties in standardizing protocols, broodstock, and selection of genetically superior animals; the barriers in transferring technology from laboratory benches to the field and make feasible the use of cryopreserved semen on a commercial scale; the formation of germplasm banks and the responsible use of cryopreserved material are also discussed. We have no intention to point out the successes and mistakes that may have been committed in pursuing development of cryopreservation protocols, but a reflection on the future directions considering what should be pondered on this subject with objectivity and scientific consolidation

Anadenanthera colubrina vell brenan : anti-candida and antibiofilm activities, toxicity and therapeutical action

We evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of bark from Anadenanthera colubrina (vell.) Brenan, known as Angico, against Candida spp. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the microdilution technique through the Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicide Concentrations (MIC and MFC). The antibiofilm potential was tested in mature biofilms formed by Candida species and analyzed through the counting of CFU/mL and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). In vivo toxicity and therapeutic action was evaluated in the Galleria mellonella model. The treatment with the extract, in low doses, was able to reduce the growth of planktonic cells of Candida species. MIC values range between 19.5 and 39 µg/mL and MFC values range between 79 and 625 µg/mL. In addition was able to reduce the number of CFU/mL in biofilms and to cause structural alteration and cellular destruction, observed via SEM. A. colubrina showed low toxicity in the in vivo assay, having not affected the viability of the larvae at doses below 100mg/kg and high potential in the treatment of C. albicans infection. Considering its high antifungal potential, its low toxicity and potential to treatment of infections in in vivo model, A. colubrina extract is a strong candidate for development of a new agent for the treatment of oral candidiasis33CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ552562/2011-