Parenting and toddler self‐regulation in low‐income families: What does sleep have to do with it?

Toddlerhood is a sensitive period in the development of self‐regulation, a set of adaptive skills that are fundamental to mental health and partly shaped by parenting. Healthy sleep is known to be critical for self‐regulation; yet, the degree to which child sleep alters interactive child–parent processes remains understudied. This study examines associations between observed parenting and toddler self‐regulation, with toddler sleep as a moderator of this association. Toddlers in low‐income families (N = 171) and their mothers were videotaped during free play and a self‐regulation challenge task; videos were coded for mothers’ behavior and affect (free play) and toddlers’ self‐regulation (challenge task). Mothers reported their child’s nighttime sleep duration via questionnaire. Results revealed significant Sleep × Maternal Negative Affect and Sleep × Maternal Negative Control interactions. Children who did not experience negative parenting had good self‐regulation regardless of their nighttime sleep duration. For children who did experience negative parenting, self‐regulation was intact among those who obtained more nighttime sleep, but significantly poorer among children who were getting less nighttime sleep. Thus, among children who were reported to obtain less nighttime sleep, there were more robust associations between negative parenting and poorer self‐regulation than among toddlers who were reported to obtain more sleep.RESUMENLos primeros años de la niñez son un período sensible en el desarrollo de la auto‐regulación, un grupo de habilidades adaptables que son fundamentales para la salud mental y a las que en parte les da forma la crianza. Es sabido que el dormir bien es esencial para la auto‐regulación y, aun así, el nivel al que el sueño del niño altera los procesos interactivos entre progenitor y niño permanece poco estudiado. Este estudio examina las asociaciones entre la crianza observada y la auto‐regulación del niño pequeño, tomando como moderador de tal asociación el proceso de dormir del niño pequeño. Se grabó en video a niños pequeños de familias de bajos ingresos (N=171) y sus madres durante una sesión de juego libre y una tarea de auto‐regulación que suponía un reto; los videos fueron codificados en cuanto al comportamiento y afecto de las madres (juego libre) y la auto‐regulación de los niños pequeños (tarea que suponía reto). Las madres reportaron acerca del sueño nocturno de sus niños por medio de un cuestionario. Los resultados revelaron interacciones significativas en cuanto al dormir y el negativo afecto materno, así como el dormir y el negativo control materno. Los niños que no experimentaron una crianza negativa tenían una buena auto‐regulación independientemente de la duración de su sueño nocturno. En el caso de los niños que experimentaron una crianza negativa, la auto‐regulación quedó intacta en aquellos que lograban más tiempo nocturno de dormir, pero fue significativamente más pobre en los niños que tenían menos tiempo de sueño nocturno. Por tanto, en el caso de los niños indicados en el reporte con menos tiempo de dormir nocturno, se dieron asociaciones más robustas entre la crianza negativa y una más pobre auto‐regulación que entre los niños pequeños indicados en el reporte con más tiempo de dormir.RÉSUMÉLa petite enfance est une période sensible dans le développement de l’auto‐régulation, un ensemble de compétences qui sont fondamentales pour la santé mentale et en partie formées par le parentage. L’on sait qu’un sommeil sain est critique pour l’auto‐régulation et pourtant la mesure dans laquelle le sommeil de l’enfant altère les processus interactifs enfant‐parent demeure peu étudiée. Cette étude examine les liens entre le parentage observé et l’auto‐régulation du petit enfant, le sommeil de l’enfant ayant un effet modérateur dans ce lien. Des jeunes enfants de familles issues de milieux défavorisés (N=171) et leurs mères ont été filmés durant un jeu libre et un exercice de défi d’auto‐régulation. Les vidéos ont été codées pour le comportement des mères et l’affect (jeu libre) et l’auto‐régulation des jeunes enfants (exercice de défi). Les mères ont fait état de la durée de sommeil nocturne de leur enfant au moyen d’un questionnaire. Les résultats ont révélé que : sommeil significatif x l’affect négatif maternel et le sommeil x négatif maternel contrôle les interactions. Les enfants qui n’avaient pas fait l’expérience d’un parentage négatif avaient une bonne auto‐régulation quelle qu’ait été la durée du sommeil nocturne. Pour les enfants ayant fait l’expérience d’une parentage négatif, l’auto‐régulation était intacte chez ceux ayant plus dormi, mais bien moindre chez les enfants qui avaient moins dormi. Donc, chez les enfants ayant moins de sommeil nocturne les liens bien plus robustes ont été découverts entre le parentage négatif et une moindre auto‐régulation que chez les petits enfants dormant plus durant la nuit.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Kleinkindalter ist ein sensibler Zeitraum für die Entwicklung der Selbstregulation – einer Reihe von Anpassungsfähigkeiten, die für die psychische Gesundheit grundlegend sind und teilweise durch Erziehung geprägt werden. Gesunder Schlaf ist bekanntlich entscheidend für die Selbstregulation, aber das Ausmaß, in dem der Kinderschlaf interaktive Prozesse zwischen Kind und Eltern verändert, ist bisher nur unzureichend erforscht wurden. Diese Studie untersucht Zusammenhänge zwischen beobachtetem Erziehungsverhalten und der Selbstregulation von Kleinkindern, wobei der Schlaf der Kleinkinder als Moderator dieser Assoziation fungiert. Kleinkinder aus einkommensschwachen Familien (N=171) und ihre Mütter wurden während des freien Spiels und einer herausfordernden Aufgabe zur Selbstregulation gefilmt; die Videos wurden für das Verhalten und die Affekte der Mütter (freies Spiel) und die Selbstregulation der Kleinkinder (herausfordernde Aufgabe) kodiert. Die Mütter berichteten per Fragebogen über die nächtliche Schlafdauer ihres Kindes. Die Ergebnisse zeigten signifikante Interaktionen für Schlaf und mütterlichen negativen Affekt sowie für Schlaf und mütterliche negative Kontrollinteraktionen. Kinder, die keine negative Erziehung erlebten, hatten eine gute Selbstregulation, unabhängig von ihrer nächtlichen Schlafdauer. Bei Kindern, die eine negative Erziehung erfuhren, war die Selbstregulation bei denen, die mehr Nachtschlaf erhielten, intakt und bei Kindern, die weniger Nachtschlaf erhielten, jedoch deutlich schlechter. So gab es bei Kindern, von denen berichtet wurde, dass sie weniger Nachtschlaf erhielten, robustere Assoziationen zwischen negativer Erziehung und schlechterer Selbstregulation als bei Kleinkindern, von denen berichtet wurde, dass sie mehr Schlaf erhielten.抄録低収入家庭における子育てと幼児の自己調整力:睡眠が関与するものとは何か？幼児期は、自己調整力、つまりメンタルヘルスの基礎であり、ある程度までは子育てによって形成される、一連の適応スキルの発達が影響を受けやすい時期である。健康的な睡眠は自己調整力には不可欠のものとして知られているが、子どもの睡眠が子どもと親の相互作用の過程をどの程度まで改めるかについては、いまもなお研究課題のままである。本研究は、観察によって得られた子育てと幼児の自己調整力の関連性について幼児の睡眠を仲介として検討することである。低所得家庭 (N=171) で生活している幼児と母親が自由遊びと自己調整のチャレンジタスクに取り組む間中ビデオ録画した。ビデオデータは母親の行動と感情(自由遊び)と幼児の自己調整力(チャレンジタスク)としてコード化された。子どもの夜間の睡眠時間は母親からの質問紙を通して報告された。その結果、睡眠と母親の否定的感情の間、そして睡眠と母親の否定的コントロールの間には著しい相互関連性が認められた。否定的育児を経験していない子どもは、夜間の睡眠時間に関わらず、よい自己調整力を持っていた。否定的育児を経験した子どもでは、自己調整力はより長い夜間睡眠をとっている子どもにおいては保たれていたが、より短い睡眠時間しかとっていない子どもにおいては著しく低かった。このようにより短い睡眠時間しかとっていないと報告された子どもにおいては、より長い睡眠をとっている幼児より、否定的育児とより低い自己調整力の間により確かな関連性が示された。摘要低收入家庭的育兒和幼兒自我調節:與睡眠有什麼關係？幼兒期是自我調節發展的一個敏感時期， 這是一套適應性技能， 是心理健康的基礎， 部分由養育方式塑造。眾所周知， 健康睡眠對於自我調節至關重要， 然而， 兒童睡眠如何改變兒童 ‐ 父母互動仍未得到充分研究。本研究探討觀察到的養育方式與幼兒自我調節的關聯， 及幼兒睡眠作為這種關聯的調節變數。低收入家庭的幼兒 （N = 171） 和母親在自由遊戲和自我調節挑戰任務中被錄像; 視頻被編碼為母親的行為和情感 （自由遊戲） 和幼兒的自我調節 （挑戰任務）。母親通過問卷報告孩子的夜間睡眠時間。結果顯示顯著的睡眠x母體負面情感和睡眠 x 母體負面控制相互作用。沒有經歷負面養育的孩子， 無論夜間睡眠時間長短， 都有良好的自我調節能力。對於那些經歷過負面養育的孩子， 在夜間睡眠較多的人中， 自我調節是完整的， 但在夜間睡眠較少的孩子中， 自我調節顯著較差。因此， 在夜間睡眠較少的兒童中， 負面育兒和較差的自我調節的關聯性強於較多睡眠的幼兒。ملخصالرعاية الوالدية والتنظيم الذاتي للطفل في الأسر ذات الدخل المنخفض: ما علاقة النوم بذلك ؟الطفولة هي فتره حساسة في تطوير التنظيم الذاتي ، والذي يمثل مجموعه من المهارات التكيفيه التي هي أساسيه للصحة النفسية وتتشكل جزئيا عن طريق الأبوه والأمومه. ومن المعروف ان النوم الصحي أمر بالغ الاهميه للتنظيم الذاتي ، ومع ذلك ، فان الدرجة التي يغير بها نوم الطفل في العمليات التفاعلية التي يقوم بها الطفل مع الوالدين لا تزال غير خاضعة للدراسة الكافية. تتناول هذه الدراسة العلاقات بين الرعاية الوالدية الملحوظة والتنظيم الذاتي للطفل الصغير ، حيث نوم الطفل يمثل المتغير الوسيط في هذه العلاقة. اشترك في الدراسة مجموعة من الأطفال الصغار في الأسر ذات الدخل المنخفض (العدد = 171) وأمهاتهم وتم تصويرهم بالفيديو اثناء اللعب الحر مع تكليفهم بمهمة تحدي التنظيم الذاتي ؛ تم ترميز تسجيلات الفيديو لسلوك الأمهات وعاطفتهم في (اللعب الحر) والتنظيم الذاتي للأطفال الصغار في (مهمة التحدي). وأبلغت الأمهات عن مده النوم الليلي لأطفالهن عن طريق الاستبيان. أظهرت النتائج تفاعلات ذات دلالة إحصائية بين النوم والعاطفة السلبية عند الأمهات وبين النوم والسيطرة السلبية للأمهات . الأطفال الذين لا يعانون من الابوه والامومه السلبية كان لديهم قدرات جيدة على التنظيم الذاتي بغض النظر عن مده النوم ليلا. بالنسبة للأطفال الذين يعانون من الابوه والامومه السلبية ، كان التنظيم الذاتي سليما بين أولئك الذين حصلوا علي المزيد من النوم ليلا ، ولكن أضعف بكثير بين الأطفال الذين كانوا يحصلون علي اقل النوم ليلا. وبالتالي ، فانه من بين الأطفال الذين ابلغ عن حصولهم علي قسط اقل من النوم الليلي ، كانت هناك رابطات اقوي بين الرعاية الوالدية السلبية والتنظيم الذاتي الأقل منها بين الصغار الذين أفيد بأنهم يحصلون علي المزيد من النوم.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150525/1/imhj21783.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150525/2/imhj21783_am.pd

Editorial: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Socio-economic systems in the post-pandemic world: Design thinking, strategic planning, management, and public policy

Copyright © 2022 Klimczuk, Berde, Dovie, Klimczuk-Kochanska and Spinelli. Overview: The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, led to unprecedented events. All regions of the world participated in implementing preventive health measures such as physical distancing, travel restrictions, self-isolation, quarantines, and facility closures. The pandemic started global disruption of socio-economic systems, covering the postponement or cancellation of public events, supply shortages, schools and universities' closure, evacuation of foreign citizens, a rise in unemployment and inflation, misinformation, the anti-vaccine movement, and incidents of discrimination toward people affected by or suspected of having coronavirus disease. Attempts have been made to protect the oldest age group at risk, but in many cases, this has led to over-restriction and age discrimination. The rationale for working on the Research Topic “Socio-economic systems in the post-pandemic world: Design thinking, strategic planning, management, and public policy” was the need to start reflecting on resilience and lessons learned from this public health event that revealed the global unpreparedness in critical areas. Also, the pandemic triggered both top-down (e.g., policy tools toward labor markets) and bottom-up (e.g., social and technological innovations in education) responses that needed more in-depth analyzes. This Research Topic covers interdisciplinary contributions addressing new thinking, challenges, and transformations required for post-pandemic global, national, regional, and local realities. The presented Research Topic combines studies focused on recognizing the actions and interventions leading to the recovery of socio-economic systems during the tail end and after the pandemic. The studies delivered recommendations regarding, among others, the care of vulnerable, planning socio-economic restart, and imagining the “new normal.” The presented Research Topic includes 27 articles prepared by 113 authors from all continents. This set of texts contains seven types of papers covering: 14 original research articles (Beno and Hvorecky; Bhandari et al.; Bjursell et al.; Breitenbach et al.; El Deeb; Ferchiou et al.; Kieslinger et al.; Liu et al.; Musango et al.; Poppe; Rasul et al.; Rivera-Rodriguez and Urdinola; Suomi et al.; Chen et al.), two perspective articles (Lee and Kang; Takewaki), four review articles (Contreras et al.; Kumar, Malla et al.; Singu et al.; Hamid and Mir), one study protocol article (Marston et al.), three opinion articles (Lever and Safra; Sciacchitano and Bartolazzi; Vlacha and Feketea), one conceptual analysis article (Auriemma and Iannaccone), and two brief research reports (Kumar, Kodidela et al.; Sun et al.). The editors have identified six themes underpinning and linking together the finally selected papers. The identified macro themes help to distinguish the main contribution focus and the areas of application of the published research. However, these studies are also a testimony of the pandemic's impact on each and every significant aspect of our societies

The opposites task: Using general rules to test cognitive flexibility in preschoolers

A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. Executive functions play an important role in cognitive development, and during the preschool years especially, children's performance is limited in tasks that demand flexibility in their behavior. We asked whether preschoolers would exhibit limitations when they are required to apply a general rule in the context of novel stimuli on every trial (the "opposites" task). Two types of inhibitory processing were measured: response interference (resistance to interference from a competing response) and proactive interference (resistance to interference from a previously relevant rule). Group data show 3-year-olds have difficulty inhibiting prepotent tendencies under these conditions, whereas 5-year-olds' accuracy is near ceiling in the task. (Contains 4 footnotes and 1 table.

Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Aggression in Non-clinical Children: Relationships with Self-report and Performance-based Measures of Attention and Effortful Control

This study investigated the relation between the regulative trait of effortful control, and in particular attention control, and psychopathological symptoms in a sample of 207 non-clinical children aged 8–12 years. For this purpose, children completed self-report scales for measuring regulative traits and various types of psychopathological symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, and aggression) and were tested with a neuropsychological battery for measuring attention/effortful control capacity. Results indicated that self-report and performance-based measures of attention/effortful control were at best moderately correlated. Further, it was found that self-report indexes of attention/effortful control were clearly negatively related to psychopathological symptoms, which provides support for the notion that low regulation is associated with higher levels of psychopathology. Finally, the performance-based measure of attention/effortful control was not convincingly related to psychopathological symptoms

Prenatal risk and physical aggression during the first years of life: The gender-specific role of inhibitory control

Prenatal risk and a lack of inhibitory control have consistently been related to the development of physical aggression in older children. This study examined whether inhibitory control mediated the relation between prenatal risk and aggression in infants and toddlers. The role of gender in this mediation model was also examined. The sample consisted of 161 mother–child dyads (83 boys). A prenatal cumulative risk score was created from a number of well‐established risk factors including maternal psychopathology, substance use, and social and socioeconomic disadvantages. At 12 months, children performed an inhibitory control task. Physical aggression was assessed through maternal reports at 12 and 20 months of age. Results showed that higher prenatal risk was associated with more physical aggression. Inhibitory control mediated this association at both 12 and 20 months: higher prenatal risk was related to lower inhibitory control, which in turn led to higher aggression. At 20 months, gender moderated the mediation effect: the mediating role of inhibitory control was only found for girls. These results suggest that even before 2 years of age, inhibitory control is an important construct involved in the relation between prenatal risk and physical aggression

State trust in middle childhood: an experimental manipulation of maternal support

A

Differential Genetic Susceptibility to Child Risk at Birth in Predicting Observed Maternal Behavior

This study examined parenting as a function of child medical risks at birth and parental genotype (dopamine D4 receptor; DRD4). Our hypothesis was that the relation between child risks and later maternal sensitivity would depend on the presence/absence of a genetic variant in the mothers, thus revealing a gene by environment interaction (GXE). Risk at birth was defined by combining risk indices of children's gestational age at birth, birth weight, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. The DRD4-III 7-repeat allele was chosen as a relevant genotype as it was recently shown to moderate the effect of environmental stress on parental sensitivity. Mothers of 104 twin pairs provided DNA samples and were observed with their children in a laboratory play session when the children were 3.5 years old. Results indicate that higher levels of risk at birth were associated with less sensitive parenting only among mothers carrying the 7-repeat allele, but not among mothers carrying shorter alleles. Moreover, mothers who are carriers of the 7-repeat allele and whose children scored low on the risk index were observed to have the highest levels of sensitivity. These findings provide evidence for the interactive effects of genes and environment (in this study, children born at higher risk) on parenting, and are consistent with a genetic differential susceptibility model of parenting by demonstrating that some parents are inherently more susceptible to environmental influences, both good and bad, than are others

Infant difficult behaviors in the context of perinatal biomedical conditions and early child environment

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Problems experienced within the first year of an infant's life can be precursors of later mental health conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and continuity of difficult behaviors in infants at 3 and 6 months of age and the associations of these difficulties with biomedical and psychosocial factors.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study was a part of an ongoing prospective birth-cohort study. Study participants were 189 uniparous mothers and their full-term newborns. The index of infant difficult behavior was constructed. This index was then associated with the following factors: delivery mode, newborn function after birth, maternal emotional well-being, risk behavior, subjective evaluation of the quality of the relationship of the couple, and attitudes toward infant-rearing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Common difficult behaviors, including crying, sleeping and eating problems, were characteristic for 30.2% of 3 month old and for 22.2% of 6 month old full-term infants. The expression of infant difficult behaviors at the age of 3 months increased the likelihood of the expression of these difficulties at 6 months by more than 5 times. Factors including younger maternal age, poor prenatal and postnatal emotional well-being, prenatal alcohol consumption, low satisfaction with the couple's relationship before pregnancy, and deficiency of infant-centered maternal attitudes towards infant-rearing increased the likelihood of difficult behaviors in infants at the age of 3 months. Low maternal satisfaction with the relationship of the couple before pregnancy, negative emotional reactions of both parents toward pregnancy (as reported by the mother) and the deficiency of an infant-centered maternal attitude towards infant-rearing increased the likelihood of infant difficult behaviors continuing between the ages of 3 to 6 months. Perinatal biomedical conditions were not related to the difficult behaviors in infants.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study suggests that early onset of difficult behavior highly increases the risk for the continuation of difficult behavior during infancy. In general, the impact of prenatal psychosocial environment on infant behavior decreases from the ages of 3 to 6 months; however, some prenatal and preconceptional psychosocial factors have direct associations with the continuity of difficult behaviors through the first half-year of an infant's life.</p