System aspects of the ILC-electronics and power pulsing

The requirements for the electronics of an experiment at the international linear collider (ILC) are driven by the bunch structure of the accelerator - short trains (1ms) with bunch to bunch lag of 0.3μs interrupted by long empty intervals (199ms) - and the precision physics. Based on developments of the CALICEcollaboration a system for high granular dense calorimetry is presented. The talk covers the system aspect: — of compact sensors as Si-diodes and multi-pixel Geiger mode photo sensors, — of the electromechanics with components embedded into the PCB’s, — of integrating the functionality needed nearby the sensor into low power ASIC’s, — of a DAQ-chain, in which each channel triggers on its own and the data selection is installed into PC’s and — of calibrating the calorimeter. With the high number of 100 million channels the power consumption and cooling have to be investigated carefully. Calculations demonstrate, that active cooling inside the calorimeters can be avoided. But essential for this goal is using the low duty cycle (0.5%) of the accelerator to power cycle the major consumers and designing an ASIC for low power (25μW/channel). For the power cycling a concept is developed, which keeps the current fluctuation local to avoid EMIproblems and to supply the in-detector electronics with DCcurrent through wires weith moderate cross section. Some of the ideas are already realized in a prototype for physics and component studies. The setup integrates 14 thousand channels and was installed for two month at CERNtestbeam. 200 million of electrons and pions are collected and 15T-Byte of data are stored. The data nicely show the details of a shower development needed to prove the particle flow algorithm for high energy resolution

Structural, vibrational and thermal properties of densified silicates : insights from Molecular Dynamics

Structural, vibrational and thermal properties of densified sodium silicate (NS2) are investigated with classical molecular dynamics simulations of the glass and the liquid state. A systematic investigation of the glass structure with respect to density was performed. We observe a repolymerization of the network manifested by a transition from a tetrahedral to an octahedral silicon environment, the decrease of the amount of non-bridging oxygen atoms and the appearance of three-fold coordinated oxygen atoms (triclusters). Anomalous changes in the medium range order are observed, the first sharp diffraction peak showing a minimum of its full-width at half maximum according to density. The previously reported vibrational trends in densified glasses are observed, such as the shift of the Boson peak intensity to higher frequencies and the decrease of its intensity. Finally, we show that the thermal behavior of the liquid can be reproduced by the Birch-Murnaghan equation of states, thus allowing us to compute the isothermal compressibility

The ZEUS Forward Plug Calorimeter with Lead-Scintillator Plates and WLS Fiber Readout

A Forward Plug Calorimeter (FPC) for the ZEUS detector at HERA has been built as a shashlik lead-scintillator calorimeter with wave length shifter fiber readout. Before installation it was tested and calibrated using the X5 test beam facility of the SPS accelerator at CERN. Electron, muon and pion beams in the momentum range of 10 to 100 GeV/c were used. Results of these measurements are presented as well as a calibration monitoring system based on a $^{60}$Co source.Comment: 38 pages (Latex); 26 figures (ps

The role of nano-perovskite in the negligible thorium release in seawater from Greek bauxite residue (red mud)

We present new data about the chemical and structural characteristics of bauxite residue (BR) from Greek Al industry, using a combination of microscopic, analytical, and spectroscopic techniques. SEM-EDS indicated a homogeneous dominant “Al-Fe-Ca-Ti-Si-Na-Cr matrix”, appearing at the microscale. The bulk chemical analyses showed considerable levels of Th (111 μg g−1), along with minor U (15 μg g−1), which are responsible for radioactivity (355 and 133 Bq kg−1 for 232Th and 238U, respectively) with a total dose rate of 295 nGy h−1. Leaching experiments, in conjunction with SF-ICP-MS, using Mediterranean seawater from Greece, indicated significant release of V, depending on S/L ratio, and negligible release of Th at least after 12 months leaching. STEM-EDS/EELS & HR-STEM-HAADF study of the leached BR at the nanoscale revealed that the significant immobility of Th4+ is due to its incorporation into an insoluble perovskite-type phase with major composition of Ca0.8Na0.2TiO3 and crystallites observed in nanoscale. The Th LIII-edge EXAFS spectra demonstrated that Th4+ ions, which are hosted in this novel nano-perovskite of BR, occupy Ca2+ sites, rather than Ti4+ sites. That is most likely the reason of no Th release in Mediterranean seawater