Serpentinska zajednica Euphorbietum spinosae-ligusticae u Liguriji

Autori opisuju asocijaciju Euphorbietum, spinosae-ligusticae koja je razvijena kao trajni stadij na serpentinima submontanog pojasa na području Ligurije. Zajednica nastava strme, suhe i tople obronke s nerazvijenim ser- pentinskim tlima. Najpotpunije je razvijena u pokrajini Savona a prema klimaks zajednici Physospermo-Quercetum petraeae oštro je ograničena. U pokrajini Allessandria poprima subkontinentalni karakter, a u sastojinama iz pokrajina Genova i La Spezia nazočne su neke mediteranske vrste. Floristički sastav zajednice prikazuje fitosociološka tabela sa 36 vegetacijskih snimaka koje najvećim dijelom potječu iz pokrajine Savona. Autori smatraju ovu zajednicu kasnotercijarnim reliktom

Subunit and small-molecule interaction of ribonucleotide reductases via surface plasmon resonance biosensor analyses

Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) synthesizes deoxyribonucleotides for DNA replication and repair and is controlled by sophisticated allosteric regulation involving differential affinity of nucleotides for regulatory sites. We have developed a robust and sensitive method for coupling biotinylated RNRs to surface plasmon resonance streptavidin biosensor chips via a 30.5 Å linker. In comprehensive studies on three RNRs effector nucleotides strengthened holoenzyme interactions, whereas substrate had no effect on subunit interactions. The RNRs differed in their response to the negative allosteric effector dATP that binds to an ATP-cone domain. A tight RNR complex was formed in Escherichia coli class Ia RNR with a functional ATP cone. No strengthening of subunit interactions was observed in the class Ib RNR from the human pathogen Bacillus anthracis that lacks the ATP cone. A moderate strengthening was seen in the atypical Aeromonas hydrophila phage 1 class Ia RNR that has a split catalytic subunit and a non-functional ATP cone with remnant dATP-mediated regulatory features. We also successfully immobilized a functional catalytic NrdA subunit of the E.coli enzyme, facilitating study of nucleotide interactions. Our surface plasmon resonance methodology has the potential to provide biological insight into nucleotide-mediated regulation of any RNR, and can be used for high-throughput screening of potential RNR inhibitor

On the distance-independent hole transfer over long (A-T),,-sequences in DNA

For the purposes of site-selective charge injection into guanine-free DNA, a new synthetic route towards a 4'-pivaloylated adenosine derivative was developped, enabling the study of long-range charge transfer in DNA. The synthesis of 4'-pivaloylated adenosine 46 succeeded in 0.5% yield over 10 steps, providing a DNA-synthesizer compatible building block. Photolysis of single- or double-stranded 29mer 103 demonstrated that the generated ribose radical cation is most efficiently reduced by electron transfer from adenine at pH 5.0 in 20 % absolute yield. This process yields an adenine radical cation and thus promotes a positive charge into the DNA base stack. Experiments with DNAs containing long guanine-free sequences have shown that, once the positive charge is injected into an (A−T)n sequence, a rapid and distance-independent charge transfer mechanism involving adenines as charge carriers is established. A guanine-hopping mechanism[27,151] was excluded due to lack of guanines in these DNAs. Instead, a partial thermodynamic charge distribution was observed. The apparently highly-efficient charge transport over long (A−T)n sequences was shown to be easily disrupted by structural changes in the base-pairing. This was studied by introduction of a series of base mismatches and an abasic site opposite an adenine. Higher solvent accessibility of the damaged sites accounted for deprotonation and thus charge loss from the acidic adenine radical cation. Protonation of adenine inside an A−C wobble base pair also decreased the charge transfer efficiency. The abnormal structural changes found in A-tracts of duplex DNA were shown to increase the charge transfer efficiency over long (A−T)n sequences as they imply an improved DNA duplex structure providing a higher stacking area and shorter base-base distances. This work has shown that, although the field of charge transfer over long (A−T)n sequences is new and little understood, the charge transport mechanism is thought to be a rapid, multistep process involving adenines as charge carrier where the charge may hop from adenine to adenine or may be delocalized in polaron-like species