Deep learning-based image deconstruction method with maintained saliency

人間の視覚注意解析のための人工知能（AI）技術の開発に成功. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-09-29.Visual properties that primarily attract bottom-up attention are collectively referred to as saliency. In this study, to understand the neural activity involved in top-down and bottom-up visual attention, we aim to prepare pairs of natural and unnatural images with common saliency. For this purpose, we propose an image transformation method based on deep neural networks that can generate new images while maintaining the consistent feature map, in particular the saliency map. This is an ill-posed problem because the transformation from an image to its corresponding feature map could be many-to-one, and in our particular case, the various images would share the same saliency map. Although stochastic image generation has the potential to solve such ill-posed problems, the most existing methods focus on adding diversity of the overall style/touch information while maintaining the naturalness of the generated images. To this end, we developed a new image transformation method that incorporates higher-dimensional latent variables so that the generated images appear unnatural with less context information but retain a high diversity of local image structures. Although such high-dimensional latent spaces are prone to collapse, we proposed a new regularization based on Kullback–Leibler divergence to avoid collapsing the latent distribution. We also conducted human experiments using our newly prepared natural and corresponding unnatural images to measure overt eye movements and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and found that those images induced distinctive neural activities related to top-down and bottom-up attentional processing

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 expression in angiosarcoma : Possible role in metastasis and a potential therapeutic target

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent lipid mediator that has been implicated in the migration of lymphocytes and endothelial cells through S1P receptors. S1PR1 is strongly expressed in angiosarcoma, a malignant tumor of endothelial cell origin that has a high propensity for metastasis and poor prognosis; however, the pathological significance of S1PR1 expression is not clear. In this study, we investigated the effect of S1PR1 modulation on cell migration, and examined its potential role as a therapeutic target against metastatic dissemination of angiosarcoma. S1PR1 expression in the human angiosarcoma cell line MO-LAS was assessed by immunocytochemical examination and Western blotting. Effects of S1PR1- specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and that of FTY720-P (a functional S1PR1-antagonist) on MO-LAS cell chemotactic migration towards sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were assessed by Transwell migration assay; wound healing assays for random cell migration were performed using a live cell analyzer. Immunostaining revealed high expression of S1PR1 on the MO-LAS cell membrane. Transwell and wound-healing assays showed that S1P enhanced chemotactic and random migration of MO-LAS cells, respectively. Inhibition of S1PR1 expression with siRNA significantly attenuated chemotaxis of cells towards S1P and 10% FBS. Further, FTY720-P strongly induced the internalization and degradation of S1PR1 even in the presence of serum containing S1P. It attenuated chemotactic cell migration of MO-LAS towards both S1P and serum, as well as the random motility of cells at nanomolar concentrations. These results suggest that the S1P/S1PR1 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for inhibition of angiosarcoma metastasis by controlling its cell motility

Nuclear Accumulation of HSP70 in Mouse Skeletal Muscles in Response to Heat Stress, Aging, and Unloading With or Without Reloading

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nuclear accumulation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a molecular chaperonin in mouse skeletal muscle in response to aging, heat stress, and hindlimb unloading with or without reloading. Profiles of HSP70-specific nuclear transporter Hikeshi in skeletal muscles were also evaluated. Heat stress-associated nuclear accumulation of HSP70 was observed in slow soleus (SOL) and fast plantaris (PLA) muscles of young (10-week-old) mice. Mean nuclear expression level of HSP70 in slow medial gastrocnemius (MGAS) and PLA muscles of aged (100-week-old) mice increased ~4.8 and ~1.7 times, compared to that of young (10-week-old) mice. Reloading following 2-week hindlimb unloading caused accumulation of HSP70 in myonuclei in MGAS and PLA of young mice ( p < 0.05). However, reloading-associated nuclear accumulation of HSP70 was not observed in both types of muscles of aged mice. On the other hand, 2-week hindlimb unloading had no impact on the nuclear accumulation of HSP70 in both muscles of young and aged mice. Nuclear expression level of Hikeshi in both MGAS and PLA in mice was suppressed by aging. No significant changes in the nuclear Hikeshi in both muscles were induced by unloading with or without reloading. Results of this study indicate that the nuclear accumulation of HSP70 might show a protective response against cellular stresses in skeletal muscle and that the protective response may be suppressed by aging. Protective response to aging might depend on muscle fiber types

Erratum: Synthesis of glycerolipids containing simple linear acyl chains or aromatic rings and evaluation of their Mincle signaling activity (Chem. Commun. (2019) 55 (711–714) DOI: 10.1039/C8CC07322H)

金沢大学医薬保健研究域薬学系The authors regret that the structures of brartemicin and compounds 6a and b presented in Fig. 2 of the article were incorrect. The correct structures are depicted below. In addition, explanations of the R’ groups have been added below each compound. (Figure Presented). This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistr

船舶搭載型全天カメラと雲底高度計観測データ解析による雲の特徴

第6回極域科学シンポジウム[OM] 極域気水圏11月16日（月）　国立極地研究所１階交流アトリウ

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