Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Silagens de milho consorciado com forrageira tropical e leguminosa em dietas para terminação de cordeiros

A produção de volumosos para a alimentação animal através do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária é uma alternativa para a recuperação de pastagens degradadas e para a produção de volumosos conservados de alta qualidade. Neste sistema, o consorcio de gramíneas com leguminosas pode ser uma estratégia para a produção de silagem, pois a fixação biológica de nitrogênio incrementa os teores e a disponibilidade desse nutriente no solo, consequentemente, melhorando o valor nutricional da silagem. Pesquisas em busca de alternativas para volumosos de melhor qualidade são fundamentais para a eficiência dos sistemas de produção de cordeiros, principalmente para o confinamento, pois a alimentação representa o maior custo neste sistema. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de volumosos, provindo de um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, produção de metano e dióxido de carbono entérico, comportamento ingestivo e a análise de custos da terminação de cordeiros ½ Dorper e ½ Santa Inês em confinamento, com dietas contendo concentrado e diferentes silagens (silagem de milho exclusivo, silagem de milho + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu e silagem de milho + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu + guandu-anão). O ganho médio diário (kg/dia), assim como o período em que os cordeiros permaneceram confinados, não foi influenciado pelas diferentes dietas. A utilização da silagem proveniente do consórcio do milho, Marandu e guandu-anão na dieta de cordeiros, proporcionou aumento no consumo de matéria seca (kg/dia) e acresceram os tempos dispendidos para ruminação, mastigação e distribuição da fibra fisicamente efetiva. As dietas mostraram rentabilidade favorável na terminação de cordeiros em confinamento; entretanto, o maior retorno econômico foi obtido com o sistema em que os animais foram alimentados com silagem de milho exclusivo. A dieta contendo silagem de milho em consórcio com Marandu e guandu-anão proporcionou aumento do consumo de proteína bruta (kg/dia) quando comparada a silagem de milho (0,273 e 0,238, respectivamente). O potencial de produção de gases de efeito estufa, foi inferior para as dietas contendo as silagens de milho em consórcio, principalmente no consórcio de milho com Marandu e guandu-anão, que reduziu a emissão de metano e dióxido de carbono em 37,86 e 28,05%, respectivamente. A utilização de animais capazes de apresentar melhores ganhos diários de peso vivo, em confinamento, aliado ao sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, pode ser eficiente economicamente e ambientalmente, diminuindo a taxa de emissão de metano. Os consórcios do milho com Marandu e/ou guandu-anão forneceu alimento de qualidade, melhorando a digestão fermentativa do rúmen de cordeiros em confinamento. A intensificação da produção de carne pode diminuir a produção de metano por quilo de carne produzida.The production of forage to the feeding through the integrated crop-livestock system (ILP) is an alternative for the recovery of degraded pastures and the production of silage high quality. The consortium of grasses with legumes can be a strategy for the production of silage because the biological nitrogen fixation increases the levels and the availability of this nutrient in the soil, thus improving the nutritional value of the silage. Research in search of alternatives to bulky best quality are fundamental to the efficiency of sheep production systems, primarily for the confinement because food represents the largest cost in this system. The aimed of this study was to evaluate the effect of silage, coming from a crop-livestock integration system on performance, digestibility, production of CH4 and CO2 in vitro, feeding behavior and cost analysis termination lambs ½ Dorper ½ Santa Inês in feedlot, with diets consist of concentrated and different silages (corn silage; corn silage + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and corn silage + Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu + pigeon pea). Average daily gain (kg/day) and the period during which the lambs were confined, was not influenced by the different diets. The use of silage from corn consortium with Marandu and pigeon pea in the diet of lambs led to an increase in dry matter intake (kg/day) and further compounded the times spent for ruminating, chewing and distribution of physically effective fiber. Diets showed favorable profitability in finishing lambs in confinement; however, the greatest economic return was obtained with the system in which the animals were fed with silage corn. The diet containing corn silage in consortium with Marandu and pigeon pea provided increased crude protein intake (kg/day) compared to corn silage (0,273 and 0,238, respectively). The potential production of greenhouse gases, was lower for diets containing corn silage in consortium, especially in maize intercropped with Marandu and pigeon pea which reduced the emission of methane and carbon dioxide in 37,86 and 28,05%, respectively. The use of animals able to present best daily gains of live weight in confinement, coupled with crop-livestock integration system can be economically and environmentally efficient, reducing methane emission rate. Consortia of corn with Marandu and/or pigeon pea provided quality food, improving the fermentative digestion from the rumen of lambs in confinement. The intensification of beef production may decrease methane production per kilogram of meat produced

Viabilidade econômica comparativa de sistemas tecnológicos da pecuária leiteira no município de Ilha Solteira/SP

In the face of an unequal competition market, one of the alternatives available to dairy farmers to remain in the activity is to conduct proper administration. With that, the objective of this paper was to analyze the cost, the profitability and the economic viability of milk production of two distinct properties as to technological production system, located in the municipality of Ilha Solteira, SP. The data were collected through owner’s information, organized in worksheets, through visits to the properties. For investment analysis, were observed restrictive results for the property A, considering that the NPV, depending on the cash flow to be negative periods of analysis, became unviable activity in the current production system. However, assessing the property B, it is observed that the NPV has become favorable from the 5th year, the amount of R$16,017.35, and IRR of 9.35$ 16.017,35, e com TIR de 9,35% a.a., superior ao custo de capital, demonstrando que a mão de obra e perfil tecnológico adotado são favoráveis apenas para a mesma. Assim, realizar uma boa gestão da atividade faz com que a pecuária leiteira seja rentável, mesmo em sistemas mais simples, permitindo assim a utilização mais eficiente dos recursos, obtendo melhor desempenho zootécnico e econômico à produção

Consumo e digestibilidade total da silagem de milho processada mecanicamente

The dry matter content increase due to the extension of the harversted period beginning and the kind of hybrid used can affect the starch digestibility and voluntary intake of ruminants. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best corn hybrid and processing type of silage corn, and evaluate the possible effects on starch digestibility and voluntary intake of lambs. It was used 24 Santa Inês lambs with average age of three months and average initial weight of 25.0 kg. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial design (dent and flint hybrids; crushed and not crushed). The processing of the dent hybrid resulted in less dry matter intake (0.583 kg/day) associated to higher total digestibility of dry matter and starch, 68.21 and 95.33% respectively. Thus, the processing of corn plants used for silage should be performed on hybrids with the dent grain texture to provide the best digestibility of silage to lambs.O aumento no teor de matéria seca devido ao avanço do ponto de colheita e o híbrido utilizado podem afetar a digestibilidade total do amido e o consumo voluntário dos ruminantes. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o melhor híbrido e processamento para ensilagem de milho, além avaliar os possíveis efeitos sobre a digestibilidade do amido e o consumo voluntário de ovinos. Foram utilizadas 24 borregas da raça Santa Inês com idade média de três meses e peso médio inicial de 25,0 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2 (híbridos dentados e duros; processamento esmagado e não esmagado). O processamento do híbrido dentado proporcionou menor consumo de massa seca (0,583 kg/dia) associado a maior digestibilidade total da massa seca e do amido, 68,21 e 95,33% respectivamente. Desta forma, o processamento das plantas de milho destinadas a ensilagem, deve ser realizado em híbridos com textura dentada por proporcionar melhor digestibilidade total da silagem aos ovinos.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Guidance on mucositis assessment from the MASCC Mucositis Study Group and ISOO: an international Delphi studyResearch in context

Summary: Background: Mucositis is a common and highly impactful side effect of conventional and emerging cancer therapy and thus the subject of intense investigation. Although common practice, mucositis assessment is heterogeneously adopted and poorly guided, impacting evidence synthesis and translation. The Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) Mucositis Study Group (MSG) therefore aimed to establish expert recommendations for how existing mucositis assessment tools should be used, in clinical care and trials contexts, to improve the consistency of mucositis assessment. Methods: This study was conducted over two stages (January 2022–July 2023). The first phase involved a survey to MASCC-MSG members (January 2022–May 2022), capturing current practices, challenges and preferences. These then informed the second phase, in which a set of initial recommendations were prepared and refined using the Delphi method (February 2023–May 2023). Consensus was defined as agreement on a parameter by >80% of respondents. Findings: Seventy-two MASCC-MSG members completed the first phase of the study (37 females, 34 males, mainly oral care specialists). High variability was noted in the use of mucositis assessment tools, with a high reliance on clinician assessment compared to patient reported outcome measures (PROMs, 47% vs 3%, 37% used a combination). The World Health Organization (WHO) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scales were most commonly used to assess mucositis across multiple settings. Initial recommendations were reviewed by experienced MSG members and following two rounds of Delphi survey consensus was achieved in 91 of 100 recommendations. For example, in patients receiving chemotherapy, the recommended tool for clinician assessment in clinical practice is WHO for oral mucositis (89.5% consensus), and WHO or CTCAE for gastrointestinal mucositis (85.7% consensus). The recommended PROM in clinical trials is OMD/WQ for oral mucositis (93.3% consensus), and PRO-CTCAE for gastrointestinal mucositis (83.3% consensus). Interpretation: These new recommendations provide much needed guidance on mucositis assessment and may be applied in both clinical practice and research to streamline comparison and synthesis of global data sets, thus accelerating translation of new knowledge into clinical practice. Funding: No funding was received

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora