Effect of diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae, or hydrogenated palm oil on mammary lipogenic gene expression in cows and goats: A comparative study

A direct comparison of cow and goat performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to diets that either induce milk fat depression or increase milk fat content in cows suggests species-specific regulation of lipid metabolism, including mammary lipogenesis. This experiment was conducted to highlight potential mechanisms responsible for the differences in mammary lipogenesis due to diet and ruminant species. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats were fed a basal diet containing no additional lipid (CTL) or a similar diet supplemented with corn oil [5% dry matter intake (DMI)] and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI), according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Milk yield, milk composition, FA profile, and secretions were measured. On d 27 of each experimental period, the mRNA abundance of 21 genes involved in lipid metabolism or enzyme activities or both were measured in mammary tissue sampled by biopsy. The results showed significant differences in the milk fat response of cows and goats to the dietary treatments. In cows, fat content was lowered by COS (−45%) and MAP (−22%) and increased by HPO (+13%) compared with CTL, and in goats only MAP had an effect compared with CTL, with a decrease of 15%. In both species, COS and MAP lowered the yields (mmol/d per kilogram of body weight) of C16 FA in goats but not in cows, and the >C16 FA yield decreased with MAP in both species. Supplementation of HPO increased the yield of milk C16 FA (mmol/d per kilogram of body weight) in cows. These variations in milk fat content and FA secretion were not associated with modifications in the mammary expression of 21 genes involved in major lipid pathways, except for 3 transcription factors: PPARA, INSIG1, and SP1. This absence of large changes might be due to post-transcriptional regulation of these genes and related to the time of sampling of the mammary tissue relative to the previous meal and milking or to differences in the availability of substrate for the corresponding proteins. However, the abundance of 14 mRNA among the 21 encoding for genes studied in the mammary gland was significantly different among species, with 5 more abundant in cows (FADS3, ACSL1, PPARA, LXRA, and PPARG1) and 10 more abundant in goats (FASN, CD36, FABP3, LPL, GPAM, LPIN1, CSN2, MFGE8, and INSIG1). These species specificities of mammary lipid metabolism require further investigation

Diets supplemented with starch and corn oil, marine algae or hydrogenated palm oil differentially modulate milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats: A comparative study

International audienceA direct comparative study of dairy cows and goats was performed to characterize the animal performance and milk fatty acid (FA) responses to 2 types of diets that induce milk fat depression in cows as well as a diet that increases milk fat content in cows but for which the effects in goats are either absent or unknown. Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Alpine goats, all multiparous, nonpregnant, and at 86 ± 24.9 and 61 ± 1.8 DIM, respectively, were allocated to 1 of 4 groups and fed diets containing no additional lipid (CTL) or diets supplemented with corn oil [5% dry matter intake (DMI)] and wheat starch (COS), marine algae powder (MAP; 1.5% DMI), or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO; 3% DMI), according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d experimental periods. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on milk yield and DMI in both species, except for COS in cows, which decreased DMI by 17%. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by COS (-45%) and MAP (-22%) and increased by HPO (13%) compared with CTL, and in goats only MAP had an effect compared with CTL by decreasing milk fat content by 15%. In both species, COS and MAP lowered the yields (mmol/d per kg of BW) of C16 FA in goats, but not in cows, and the >C16 FA yield decreased with MAP in both species. HPO supplementation increased the milk yield of C16 FA in cows. Compared with CTL, COS induced an increase of trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid by 18 fold in cows and 7 fold in goats and of trans-10 18:1 by 13 fold in cows and 3 fold in goats. Moreover, other conjugated linoleic acid isomers, such as trans-10,trans-12 and trans-7,cis-9, were increased to a greater extent in cows (8 and 4 fold, respectively) compared with goats (4 and 2 fold, respectively) on the COS treatment. In both species, the responses to MAP were characterized by a decrease in the milk concentration of 18:0 (3 fold, on average) and cis-9 18:1 (2 fold, on average) combined with a 3-fold increase in the total trans 18:1, with an increase in trans-10 18:1 only observed in cows. Compared with CTL, the response to HPO was distinguished by an increase in 16:0 (10%) in cows. This comparative study clearly demonstrated that each ruminant species responds differently to COS and HPO treatments, whereas MAP caused similar effects, and that goats are less sensitive than cows to diets that induce a shift from the trans-11 toward the trans-10 ruminal pathways

Diets supplemented with various lipid sources differently affect selected milk metabolites concentrations in cows and goats

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Milk molecular species of triacylglycerols characterized by lipidomic approach in cows and goats fed diets supplemented with various lipid sources

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Lipid classes content and composition in plasma of dairy goats and cows fed similar diets supplemented or not with lipids

Trabajo presentado al: 15th Euro Fed Lipid Congress. Oil, fats and lipids: new technologies and applications for a healthier life. ANIM-001. (Uppsala, Suecia. 27-30 agosto 2017).Peer Reviewe

Microbial mechanisms at the root of B-vitamins status in plasma and milk

Session 1: Impact of diet and additives on gut microbiota and health ; Communication PO 42International audienceThere is a gap in our understanding of mechanisms controlling the B-vitamin status and content in milk despite their primordial nutritional value. Rumen microbes synthesise B vitamins, and there is evidence that vitamins from diet are modified by microbial activity. This work explored the mechanisms regulating B-vitamin post-rumen availability by comparing the composition and activities of rumen microbes in two ruminant species. Four Holstein cows and 4 Alpine goats were enrolled simultaneously in two 4x4 Latin square designs, each consisting of four 4-week periods and 4 dietary treatments. The control diet (CTL, 45%:55% hay:concentrate) was supplemented (% of dry matter intake) with wheat and corn oil (COS), 1.5% algae powder (MAP) or 3% hydrogenated palm oil (HPO). At the end of each period, blood, milk and rumen contents were sampled. Vitamins were analysed by liquid chromatography for B2 and B6 and radioassay for B9 and B12. Metatranscriptomic analysis of rumen contents was performed by mapping mRNA against an in-house database of B-vitamins related genes, while rRNA were used for taxonomic affiliation using Silva.B9 concentrations in plasma and milk and B12 in milk were higher in cows, independent of diet. Accordingly, we observed in cows a higher abundance of Firmicutes, predicted to possess the corresponding biosynthesis pathways. Conversely, goats’ plasma had higher B12 levels, and differential expression analysis highlighted 3 genes related to the cobalamine biosynthesis pathway overexpressed in goats rumen microbiota. Diet did not affect vitamins concentrations in goats; likewise, no significant diet-related changes were observed on goat rumen microbial taxonomy. In cows, the COS diet increased B2 milk concentrations, accompanied by an increase in Bacteroidetes abundance, phylum shown to contain all essential genes for riboflavin biosynthesis. Analysis underway aims to construct a tripartite network integrating gene expression, taxonomy and B vitamins concentrations in plasma and milk

Diets supplemented with various lipid sources similarly modulate methane emissions in dairy goat and cow

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Integration of metatranscriptomic data from cows and goats suggest novel mechanisms involved in enteric methanogenesis

Session 4: Interplay between gut microbiome and the environment ; Communication OL 13International audienceRuminant production is under strong societal pressure because of emissions of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4). Methanogenesis occurs during feed fermentation and nutritional strategies appear to be an effective and sustainable way to reduce emissions without adverse effects. This work aimed to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms in rumen methanogenesis by highlighting similarities or dissimilarities between two animal species, cows and goats, in microbial responses to diet supplementation. Four Holstein cows and 4 Alpine goats received similar rations based on meadow hay and concentrate containing no supplemental (CTL) or supplemented with corn oil (COS), marine algae powder (MAP) or hydrogenated palm oil (HPO). CH4 emissions were measured in respiratory chambers. Total RNA from rumen content was extracted and subjected to RNASeq sequencing on Illumina platform. Raw data were analyzed using an open-source pipeline (MetaTrans) and mapped against a homemade rumen metagenome database. To identify biologically relevant features, we developed a five-step biostatistical pipeline: 1) identification of differentially expressed OTUs and KEGGs (deOTUs, deKEGGs), 2) bipartite network deduction, 3) clustering analysis, 4) pathway enrichment analysis and 5) sPLS regression, to associate the deKEGGs and deOTUs variables with CH4 emissions by species. The key features extracted from comparisons of COS vs CTL, COS vs MAP and COS vs HPO were considered for a metabolic network reconstruction and an integration analysis by logical modelling. Only, the COS diet reduced enteric CH4 emissions in both species compared to CTL. Differential analysis between COS vs CTL identified 380 deKEGGs and 16 deOTUs in cows and 133 deKEGGs and 10 deOTUs in goats. These results suggests that the diet mainly affected microbial functions rather than taxonomy. Further, sPLS analysis highlighted a correlation between the reduction in CH4 emissions and differentially regulated genes related to CH4 metabolism (such as the methyl coenzyme M reductase in both species) and to carbohydrate metabolism (class I fructose bisphosphate aldolase (fba) in cows and Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (fbp) in goats). Integrally, the metabolic network related to COS vs HPO were highly different to the others comparisons in cows, while in goats the metabolic reactions between COS vs CTL and COS vs HPO diets were similar. We identified key elements of methanogenesis attenuation processes that have been integrated into a model for predicting and validating key microbiome determinants of enteric methanogenesis in ruminants

Milk fat globule in ruminant: Major and minor compounds, nutritional regulation and differences among species

International audienceRecent knowledge is presented on the composition of ruminant milk fat fractions and the nutritional strategies known to alter their amount. The development of lipidomic and proteomic analyses has allowed for the characterization of minor components, such as proteins, liposoluble vitamins, and phospholipids of the milk fat globule (MFG), in addition to the triacylglycerols (TAG), which are the major constituents of the MFG core. Few differences in these components among ruminant species exist, and they have been outlined mainly on the fatty acids (FA) profile of the TAG, whereas comparative data are still lacking on vitamins and proteins. The effects of dietary treatments enriched in n‐3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) on the composition of the milk fat fraction are explored. In particular, pasture and plant oilseeds increase milk n‐3 PUFA and cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA and decrease saturated FA, whereas data with new feed resources, such as algae, are still rare. The peculiarities of the response of the milk fat to diets that induce a milk fat depression in cows but in lesser extent in small ruminants are described. The potential effects of polar lipids, proteins, and liposoluble vitamins of the MFG on human health are reviewed, highlighting the nutraceutical properties of milk. Practical Applications: This review provides an overview of the different components of the milk fat fraction in ruminant species and on nutritional strategies to alter their amounts to improve the nutritional quality of milk. Furthermore, this review presents recent data on species peculiarities of the milk fat fraction composition and of its response to nutritional factors, which offers a promising model to identify news levers of regulation of this fraction and foster the identification of new feeding strategies to better control milk fat composition and feed efficiency. This review synthesizes data on the composition of the milk fat fraction in ruminant species, reports advances in nutritional strategies to alter their amounts and species‐specific responses to nutrition, as well as the potential effects on human health of the major and minor components of this fraction. This review synthesizes data on the composition of the milk fat fraction in ruminant species, reports advances in nutritional strategies to alter their amounts and species‐specific responses to nutrition, as well as the potential effects on human health of the major and minor components of this fraction

Contrasted status in B vitamins between dairy cows and goats fed various lipid supplements

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