Corpo em movimento, cérebro ativo: um estudo dos moderadores das associações da aptidão física e breaks no comportamento sedentário com a saúde mental de crianças

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar as associações entre aptidão física e breaks do comportamento sedentário com a saúde mental de crianças e o papel da obesidade, atividade física moderada a vigorosa, tempo de tela e sono nessas relações. A partir disso, foram definidos quatro objetivos específicos: 1) Verificar a relação entre aptidão física com a inteligência fluida em crianças com peso normal e com sobrepeso/obesidade; 2) Explorar o papel moderador do tempo sedentário na associação entre aptidão física e fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro; 3) Verificar o papel do índice de massa corporal, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e atividade física moderada a vigorosa na relação entre a quebra do tempo sedentário com a inteligência fluida e a saúde mental em crianças; 4) Explorar a relação multivariada da saúde mental e inteligência fluída com aptidão física, componentes de movimento de 24 horas, obesidade e fatores sociodemográficos em crianças. Para responder aos objetivos foram utilizados dados de corte transversal de uma amostra de crianças com idades entre sete e 11 anos, provenientes dos anos iniciais de uma escola pública estadual de Porto Alegre-RS, selecionada por critério de conveniência. A partir disso, os resultados demonstraram que a aptidão física e as pausas no comportamento sedentário associaram-se com a inteligência fluída em crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade e inativas. Além disso, o tempo em comportamento sedentário foi um moderador da relação entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro. Por fim, a relação entre saúde mental e inteligência fluída parece ser modificada pela atividade física moderada a vigorosa, tempo de sono e tempo de tela. Portanto, os estudos apresentados nessa tese reforçam a associação entre a aptidão física e os breaks no comportamento sedentário com a saúde mental de crianças e o papel de comportamentos modificáveis, como tempo em comportamento sedentário, atividade física moderada a vigorosa, tempo de sono, tempo de tela e sobrepeso e obesidade nessas relações. Dessa forma, ressaltase a necessidade de estratégias e abordagens eficazes a fim de desenvolver a melhora desses comportamentos e parâmetros de saúde para a promoção da saúde mental infantil, como intervenções que envolvam a melhora da aptidão física, a redução do comportamento sedentário, tempo de tela e excesso de peso.The aim of this thesis was to verify the associations between physical fitness and breaks in sedentary behavior with children's mental health and the role of obesity, moderate to vigorous physical activity, screen time, and sleep in these relationships. Based on this, four specific objectives were defined: 1) To verify the relationship between physical fitness and fluid intelligence in normal weight and overweight/obese children; 2) Explore the moderating role of sedentary time in the association between physical fitness and brain-derived neurotrophic factor; 3) To verify the role of body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness and moderate to vigorous physical activity in the relationship between the break in sedentary time with fluid intelligence and mental health in children; 4) Explore the multivariate relationship of mental health and fluid intelligence with physical fitness, 24-hour movement components, obesity, and sociodemographic factors in children. In order to respond to the objectives, cross-sectional data from a sample of children aged between seven and 11 years, from the early years of a state public school in Porto Alegre-RS, selected by convenience criterion were used. From this, the results showed that physical fitness and breaks in sedentary behavior were associated with fluid intelligence in overweight/obese and inactive children. Furthermore, time in sedentary behavior was a moderator of the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Finally, the relationship between mental health and fluid intelligence appears to be modified by moderate to vigorous physical activity, sleep time, and screen time. Therefore, the studies presented in this thesis reinforce the association between physical fitness and breaks in sedentary behavior with children's mental health and the role of modifiable behaviors, such as time spent in sedentary behavior, moderate to vigorous physical activity, sleep time, screen and overweight and obesity in these relationships. Thus, we emphasize the need for effective strategies and approaches to improve these behaviors and health parameters for the promotion of children's mental health, such as interventions that involve improving physical fitness, reducing sedentary behavior, time of screen and overweight

Child’s body mass index and mother’s obesity: the moderating role of physical fitness

The aim of this study was to verify the association between children’s body mass index and their mother’s obesity, considering children’s physical fitness as a possible moderator. Cross-sectional study developed with 1842 children and adolescents, aged seven to 17 years, from Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, Brazil. Body weight and height were assessed to determine body mass index. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the 6-min walk/run test and muscular strength through the lower limb strength test. Mother’s perception of obesity was self-assessed. Moderation was tested through a SPSS program extension. Results indicated that higher children’s body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.001) and muscular strength (p = 0.035) were associated with mother’s obesity. Likewise, higher body mass index (p < 0.001) and lower cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) in adolescents were associated with maternal obesity. Moreover, physical fitness moderates the relationship between body mass index and mother’s obesity in children (cardiorespiratory fitness: β = − 0.006; 95% CI = (− 0.010, − 0.001); muscular strength: β = − 8.415; 95% CI = (− 12.526, − 4.304)) and in adolescents (cardiorespiratory fitness: β = − 0.004; 95% CI = (− 0.008, − 0.0008); muscular strength: β − 2.958; 95% CI = (− 5.615, − 0.030)). Conclusion: increasing physical fitness is an important strategy to protect youths from high body mass index, when their mothers are obese

Neighborhood environmental factors associated with leisure walking in adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To verify the associations of leisure walking with perceived and objective measures of neighborhood environmental factors stratified by gender and socioeconomic status (SES) in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a random sample of 1,130 high school students (47.3% girls; aged 14 to 20 years old) from Porto Alegre, Brazil. Leisure walking and SES were self-reported by the adolescents. Perceived environmental factors were assessed through Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y). Objective measures were evaluated using Geographic Information Systems, with road network calculated around the adolescent’s residential address, using 0.5km and 1.0km buffers. Data collection was carried out in 2017 and generalized linear regression models were used. RESULTS: Leisure walking was positively associated with access to services (0.5 km buffers [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.22] 1.0 km buffers [OR = 2.17]) and lower distance to parks and squares (0.5 km [OR=2.80] 1.0 km [OR = 2.73]) in girls from low SES. Residential density (0.5 km [OR = 1.57] 1.0 km [OR = 1.54]) and walkability index (0.5 km [OR = 1.17] 1.0 km [OR = 1.20]) were associated with leisure walking in girls from middle SES. Boys from low SES showed an inverse association between crime safety and leisure walking (0.5 km [OR = 0.59] 1.0 km [OR = 0.63]). Neighborhood recreation facilities was positively associated with leisure walking in middle SES (0.5 km [OR = 1.55] 1.0 km [OR = 1.60]). Land use mix (0.5 km [OR = 1.81] 1.0 km [OR = 1.81]), neighborhood recreation facilities (0.5 km [OR = 2.32] 1.0 km [OR = 2.28]) and places for walking (0.5 km [OR=2.07] 1.0 km [OR=2.22]) were positively associated with leisure walking in high SES. CONCLUSION: Environmental factors (objectively and subjectively measured) and leisure walking show association in boys and girls of different SES

Association of organized physical activity and levels of cardiorespiratory fitness with indicators of mental health in children

To verify the associations between organized physical activity out of school (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with indicators of mental health in children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 226 students (47% girls) of public school in the south of Brazil aged between 6 to 11 years-old (8.36 ± 1.46). The cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by running and walking-test in six minutes, following the procedures of the “Brazil Sports Project”. PA was evaluated through a question and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire assessed mental health indicators. Generalized linear regressions were used with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: Total difficulties (β = 2.691; 95%CI, 0.181 to 5.200) and emotional symptoms (β = 1.528; 95%CI, 0.609 to 2.448) were inversely associated with PA. Total difficulties (β = -0.013; 95%CI, -0.022 to -0.003), hyperactivity/attention deficit (β = -0.002; 95%CI, -0.010 to -0.002), and peer relationship problems (β = -0.002; 95%CI, -0.003 to -0.001) were associated with CRF in boys. Conclusion: A total of difficulties and emotional problems presented an inverse association with PA. Further, CRF was inversely associated with total difficulties, hyperactivity-inattention, and peer relationship problems

Relações entre a atividade física e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em crianças e adolescentes durante o distanciamento social COVID-19

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la relación entre la actividad física (AF) y los dominios de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (QVRS) en niños y jóvenes durante la distancia social COVID-19. Se aplicó un estudio transversal y analítico con enfoque cuantitativo en una muestra de 119 niñas y 121 niños. Se aplicaron cuestionarios y métodos estadísticos.La correlación entre AF y HQOL fue más fuerte enlos niños (46,9%) que en las niñas (14,5%), lo que puede explicarse porque existe una relación considerable y más fuerte entre la edad y el grado escolar con HQOL en las niñas.En conclusión, la actividad física se asoció con la QVRS de los niños y adolescentes durante la distancia social COVID-19. Estos hallazgos muestran la importancia de que esta población se mantenga físicamente activa para que los parámetros de salud no se vean afectados durante este período.This study aimed to verify the relationship between physical activity (PA) with health-related quality (HQOL) of life domains in children and adolescents during COVID-19 social distancing. A Cross-sectional and analytical study with a quantitative approach in a sample of 119 girls and 121 boys. Questionnaires and statistical methods were applied.The correlation between PA and HQOL was stronger in boys (46.9%) than girls (14.5%), which may be explained because there is a considerable and stronger relationship between age, and the school grade with HQOL in girls. In conclusion, physical activity was associated with the quality of life of children and adolescents during social distance due to the COVID-19. These findings show the importance of this population to remain physically active so that health parameters are not affected during this period.Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a relação da atividade física (AF) com domínios da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) em crianças e jovens durante o distanciamento social COVID-19. Foi aplicado um estudo transversal e analítico com abordagem quantitativa em uma amostra de 119 meninas e 121 meninos. Questionários e métodos estatísticosforam aplicados.A correlação entre AF e QVRS foi mais forte nos meninos (46,9%) do que nas meninas (14,5%). Isso foi explicado porque há uma relação considerável e mais forte entre idade e ano escolar com QVRS em meninas.Em conclusão, a atividade física se associou à qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes durante o distanciamento social COVID-19. Esses achados mostram a importância dessa população se manter fisicamente ativa para que os parâmetros de saúde não sejam afetados nesse período

Esportes coletivos, corrida, caminhada: associações específicas de atividades com fatores ambientais percebidos em adolescentes

This study aimed to analyze the association between the practice of different types of physical activity (PA) with perceived environmental factors in boys and girls adolescents. Were evaluated 1,130 adolescents from Porto Alegre, Brazil. To evaluate different PA, students answered whether or not they practiced walking, running, team sports, and others general PA. Perceived environmental factors were assessed through Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y). Analyses were performed using logistic regression. Adolescents who reported perceiving a distance up to 20 minutes to walking/running track, had their chances of practicing all types of PA increased in the total sample and for girls. For walking, it was also found an association with access in adolescents. For girls, it was found an association between shortest distance to indoor recreation or exercise facility and other playing fields/court with running and team sports. Aesthetics and road safety were associated with team sports in adolescents. Other general PA were associated with park, bike/hiking/walking trails in the total sample and for girls. Therefore, for each type of PA, specific associations of perceived environmental factors were found.Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre a prática de diferentes tipos de atividade física (AF) com fatores ambientais percebidos em meninos e meninas adolescentes. Foram avaliados 1.130 adolescentes de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Para avaliar diferentes AF, os alunos responderam se praticavam ou não caminhada, corrida, esportes coletivos e outras AF em geral. Fatores ambientais percebidos foram avaliados pelo Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth. As análises foram realizadas por meio de regressão logística. Adolescentes que relataram perceber uma distância de até 20 minutos para pista de caminhada/corrida tiveram suas chances de praticar todos os tipos de AF aumentadas na amostra total e para as meninas. Para caminhada, também foi encontrada associação com o acesso em adolescentes. Para as meninas, foi encontrada uma associação entre a menor distância para instalações de exercícios e outros campos de jogos/quadra com corrida e esportes coletivos. A estética e a segurança de ruas foram associadas com esportes coletivos em adolescentes. Outras AF gerais foram associadas com parque e trilhas de bicicleta/caminhada na amostra total e para meninas. Portanto, para cada tipo de AF, foram encontradas associações específicas de fatores ambientais percebidos

Body fat percentage, cardiorespiratory ftness and arterial blood pressure in children and adolescents : a longitudinal analysis

Background: A better understanding of how cardiorespiratory ftness (CRF) and adiposity interact to associate with arterial blood pressure over time remains inconclusive. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether changes in CRF moderates the association between body fat percentage (BF%) and arterial blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods: This is an observational longitudinal study with 407 children and adolescents aged 8–17 years followed-up for three years from a city in Southern Brazil. Participants were evaluated in 2011 and 2014. CRF was measured by validated feld-based tests following the Projeto Esporte Brazil protocols and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was estimated. BF% was determined by the measures of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds using equations according to sex. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured with a sphygmomanometer according to standard procedures. Moderation analyses included multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex, age, pubertal status, height, socioeconomic level, skin color, and the arterial blood pressure variable itself at baseline. Results: It was observed a signifcant inverse association between VO2peak at baseline with SBP (β=−0.646 CI95%=−0.976 −0.316) and DBP (β=−0.649 CI95%=−0.923 −0.375) at follow-up and a positive association between BF% at baseline with SBP (β=0.274; CI95%=0.094 0.455) and DBP (β=0.301; CI95%=0.150 0.453) at follow-up. In addition, results indicated a signifcant interaction term between changes in VO2peak and BF% at baseline with both SBP (p=0.034) and DBP at follow-up (p=0.011), indicating that an increase of at least 0.35 mL/kg/min and 1.78 mL/kg/min in VO2peak attenuated the positive relationship between BF% with SBP and DBP. Conclusion: CRF moderates the relationship between BF% and SBP and DBP in children and adolescents

Associação entre os hábitos alimentares, índice de massa corporal, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças

To verify the multivariate relationships between eating habits, cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Methods This is a cross-sectional study developed in a public elementary school with 60 first- to sixth-graders. Their eating habits were assessed using the Food Frequency Survey, weight, height, and cardiorespiratory fitness, assessed according to the Projeto Esporte Brasil protocol. Moreover, the variables, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, diastolic and systolic blood pressure were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and generalized estimation equations were used for the analysis of direct and indirect relations, in a multivariate analysis model with several simultaneous outcomes. Results It appears that the eating habits and cardiorespiratory fitness explain 20% of the body mass index. Cardiometabolic risk factors are explained by the relationship between eating habits, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index, according to the following percentages: 29% (systolic blood pressure), 18% (diastolic blood pressure), 63% (leptin), 4% (adiponectin), 14% (C-reactive protein), 17% (insulin), 10% (high-density lipoprotein), 1% (low-density lipoprotein), 4% (glucose). It is also observed that the effects of the eating habits on cardiometabolic risk factors are indirect, that is, they are dependent on changes in the body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Conclusion The relationship between eating habits and cardiometabolic risk factors in children is dependent on cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index. Thus, our findings suggest a multivariate relationship between these factors.Verificar as relações multivariadas entre hábitos alimentares, aptidão cardiorrespiratória, índice de massa corporal e fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, desenvolvido com 60 crianças em uma escola pública, de ensino fundamental. Os hábitos alimentares foram avaliados por meio do Inquérito de Frequência Alimentar, peso, estatura e aptidão cardiorrespiratória, avaliados de acordo com o protocolo do Projeto Esporte Brasil. Ainda, foram avaliadas as variáveis lipoproteína de alta densidade, lipoproteína de baixa densidade, glicose, insulina, proteína C-reativa, adiponectina, leptina, pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. Para a análise de dados, utilizou-se estatística descritiva e, para a análise das relações diretas e indiretas, equações de estimativa generalizadas, em uma modelagem de análise multivariada com diversos desfechos simultâneos. Verifica-se que os hábitos alimentares e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória explicam o índice de massa corporal em 20%. Os fatores de risco cardiometabólico são explicados pelas relações entre hábitos alimentares, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e índice de massa corporal, de acordo com os seguintes percentuais: 29% (pressão arterial sistólica), 18% (pressão arterial diastólica), 63% (leptina), 4% (adiponectina), 14% (proteína C-reativa), 17% (insulina), 10% (lipoproteína de alta densidade), 1% (lipoproteína de baixa densidade), 4% (glicose). Ainda, observa-se que os efeitos dos hábitos alimentares nos fatores de risco cardiometabólico são indiretos, isso é, são dependentes das alterações no índice de massa corporal e nos níveis aptidão cardiorrespiratória. A relação entre os hábitos alimentares e os fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças é dependente da aptidão cardiorrespiratória e do índice de massa corporal, de forma que os achados deste estudo sugerem uma relação multivariada entre esses fatores

From pregnancy to breastfeeding : adequate maternal body mass index is essential to prevent a high body mass index in your children

Objectives: To verify the associations between prenatal and perinatal factors with offspring body mass index (BMI) and the moderator role of maternal BMI in this relationship. Methods: Cross-sectional study developed with 1,562 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 17 years, as well as their mothers, from southern Brazil. The prenatal and perinatal factors, weight, and height for the calculation of maternal BMI were self-reported. For the calculation of BMI, weight and height of the child/adolescent were measured on an anthropometric scale with a coupled stadiometer. Linear regression models were used for the moderation analysis. All analyzes were adjusted for the mother’s and child’s age, sex, sexual maturation, skin color/race, and educational level. Results: cesarean as type of delivery (β=0.66; 95% CI=0.22 1.04; p=0.002) and pregnancy complications (β=0.60; 95% CI=0.15 1.04; p=0.002) were positively associated with offspring BMI. Schoolchildren who were breastfed for 4–6 months showed −0.56 kg/m2 of BMI (95% CI=−1.06– 0.06; p=0.02). Birth weight was also associated with BMI, with low weight being inversely (β=−0.59; 95% CI=−1.03– 0.15; p=0.008), while overweight was positively related (β=0.84; 95% CI=0.08 1.60; p=0.02). The moderation analysis indicated a positive interaction between the mother’s BMI and cesarean, pregnancy complications, and smoking with the offspring’s BMI. On the other hand, there was an inverse association between breastfeeding from 7 to 12 months and the offspring BMI, only in mothers with high BMI. Conclusions: Adequate maternal BMI is essential to prevent a high BMI in their children, especially when considering the influence of prenatal and perinatal risk factors

Effects of physical education on youth and adult’s health indicators evaluated in four annual moments

Objetivo: verificar o efeito de uma intervenção em educação física avaliada em diferentes períodos, considerando o recesso escolar, sobre os níveis de aptidão física cardiorrespiratória, abdominais em 1 minuto, flexibilidade e pressão arterial sistólica em jovens e adultos de ambos os sexos na educação de jovens e adultos (EJA). Métodos: Estudo pré-experimental quantitativo realizado com 27 estudantes, 9 do sexo feminino, idade média 29,38 anos (dp: ±15,39) e 18 do sexo masculino, média de idade 20,40 anos (dp:±9,34). A intervenção aconteceu com aulas de Jump no primeiro semestre. Handebol e rúgbi foram aplicados no segundo semestre. Os efeitos da intervenção foram avaliados sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR), flexibilidade e abdominais sit-up por meio do D de Cohen. Resultados: No sexo feminino, a APCR (efeito=0,95) e a flexibilidade (efeito=1,33) aumentaram entre março/julho. Durante o recesso houve redução dessas capacidades físicas. Em agosto/dezembro houve novo incremento de APCR, além de redução da PAS (efeito=-1,06). No sexo masculino, houve redução da PAS (efeito=-0,69) e aumento da APCR (efeito=0,84) entre agosto/dezembro. Conclusão: As aulas de ginástica melhoraram indicadores de saúde dos escolares, principalmente no sexo feminino durante o primeiro semestre, já o handebol e rúgbi aumentaram a APCR e reduziram a PAS nos dois sexos. O período de recesso reduziu as capacidades físicas dos estudantes, indicando que as aulas de educação física são importantes meios para melhorar níveis de aptidão física na EJA.Objective: To verify the effect of an intervention in physical education evaluated in different periods, considering school recess, on the levels of cardiorespiratory physical fitness, abdominals in 1 minute, flexibility, and systolic blood pressure in youth and adults education (YAE) and in both sexes. Methods: Quantitative pre-experimental study conducted with 27 students, 9 females, mean age 29.38 (SD: ± 15.39) years old and 18 males, 20.40 (SD: ± 9.34). The intervention happened with Jump classes in the first semester. Handball and rugby were applied in the second half. The effects of the intervention were assessed on systolic blood pressure (SBP), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), flexibility, and sit-up abdominals using Cohen's D. Results: In women, the CRF (effect = 0.95) and flexibility (effect = 1.33) increased between March / July. During recess, there was a reduction in these physical capacities. In August / December there was a further increase in CRF, together with the reduction in SBP (effect = -1.06). In males, there was a reduction in SBP (effect = -0.69) and an increase in CRF (effect = 0.84) between August / December. Conclusion: Gymnastics classes improved the health indicators of the students, especially in the female sex during the first semester, while handball and rugby increased the CRF and reduced the SBP in both sexes. The recess period reduced students' physical capacities, indicating that physical education classes are an important means of improving physical fitness levels at YAE