4R nutrient stewardship—are we there yet?

4R nutrient stewardship is an innovative approach to best management practices (BMPs) for fertilizer. It ensures that the right source (or product) is applied at the right rate, in the right place, and at the right time (Roberts, 2007; Bruulsema et al., 2009). In the lead article of a 5-part series on 4R Nutrient Stewardship in the American Society of Agronomy’s Crops and Soils magazine, Bruulsema et al. (2009) wrote “This simple concept can help farmers and the public understand how the right management practices for fertilizer contribute to sustainability for agriculture. Getting practices “right” depends on important roles played by many partners including farmers, crop advisers, scientists, policymakers, consumers, and the general public.” The concept of 4R stewardship not only provides structural stability to our own management decisions, but also offers us a simple and effective means of communicating to those outside agriculture about how our management contributes to sustainability. To truly be “right” practices must be site-specific for the crop, field, and for the zone within the field. Yet, the scientific foundation upon which 4R nutrient stewardship is built and that leads us to nutrient BMPs is universal

The Relationship Between Soil Test and Small Grain Response to P Fertilization in South Dakota Field Experiments

Phosphorus is one of the two most limiting nutrients to crop production in South Dakota. Because of this fact, many recommendations for P fertilizer are made each day by the South Dakota State University Soil Test Lab. Nearly 65,000 tons of available O are marketed each year in South Dakota as commercial fertilizer. This amounts to over 18 million dollars or expense for South Dakota farmers. Therefore, it becomes essential that recommendations for phosphorus fertilizer be as accurate as our knowledge of the soil-plant system allows. Those recommendations are currently based on the results of the Modified Bray 1, 1:7 soil test, a test used by many states throughout the Midwest. Based on data collected from 74 small grain field experiments over a 13-year period, this test explains less than 30% of the variation in yield response to P fertilization. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1. to compare several alternative soil test on the basis of field response data; and 2. To evaluate the influence of several factors on the relationship between soil test and yield response to P fertilization

Importance of Generational Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective: A Literature Review

The corporate social responsibility concept (CSR) is attracting attention in the business environment. This paper includes a review of CSR and the importance of understanding generational perspective of CSR. Evidence suggests that integrating CSR into business strategy has an impact on a company’s ability to attract and retain consumers. Literature revealed that implementing CSR initiatives results in benefits including building a favorable reputation and consumer loyalty. As a result, implementing CSR initiatives tailored to generational preferences might increase the ability of a business to realize the benefits previously listed. Therefore, understanding the perspectives of a specific generational market is meaningful

Comparison of 2 Alternative Systems for Measuring Vertical Jump Height

https://scholar.dsu.edu/research-symposium/1003/thumbnail.jp

Fertilizer Recommendations Guide

This publication provides information on fertilizer recommendations for crops grown in South Dakota. It also includes information on soil micronutrients

Fertilizing Wheat

This publication provides recommendations for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, secondary, and micronutrient requirements of South Dakota soils. Information on fertilizer application and guidance for fertilizing reduced and no-till wheat is also included

Sunyaev-Zeldovich Cluster Counts as a Probe of Intra-Supercluster Gas

X-ray background surveys indicate the likely presence of diffuse warm gas in the Local Super Cluster (LSC), in accord with expectations from hydrodynamical simulations. We assess several other manifestations of warm LSC gas; these include anisotropy in the spatial pattern of cluster Sunyaev-Zeldovich (S-Z) counts, its impact on the CMB temperature power spectrum at the lowest multipoles, and implications on measurements of the S-Z effect in and around the Virgo cluster.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, draft versio

A tentative derivation of the main cosmological parameters

Based on the assumption that some apparent properties of the observable universe are accurate at a reasonable level of approximation, a tentative is made to independently derive the values of the baryon density parameter, the Hubble constant, the cosmic microwave background temperature and the helium mass fraction. The obtained values are in excellent agreement with those given by the most recent observational data.Comment: 13 pages. Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

A quantum mechanical relation connecting time, temperature, and cosmological constant of the universe: Gamow's relation revisited as a special case

Considering our expanding universe as made up of gravitationally interacting particles which describe particles of luminous matter and dark matter and dark energy which is described by a repulsive harmonic potential among the points in the flat 3-space, we derive a quantum mechanical relation connecting, temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation, age, and cosmological constant of the universe. When the cosmological constant is zero, we get back the Gamow's relation with a much better coefficient. Otherwise, our theory predicts a value of the cosmological constant $2.0 10^{-56} {\rm {cm^{-2}}}$ when the present values of cosmic microwave background temperature of 2.728 K and age of the universe 14 billion years are taken as input.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, Study of the Universe from a condensed matter point of view, section III corrected with a single body potentia

Determination of the cosmic far-infrared background level with the ISOPHOT instrument

The cosmic infrared background (CIRB) consists mainly of the integrated light of distant galaxies. In the far-infrared the current estimates of its surface brightness are based on the measurements of the COBE satellite. Independent confirmation of these results is still needed from other instruments. In this paper we derive estimates of the far-infrared CIRB using measurements made with the ISOPHOT instrument aboard the ISO satellite. The results are used to seek further confirmation of the CIRB levels that have been derived by various groups using the COBE data. We study three regions of very low cirrus emission. The surface brightness observed with the ISOPHOT instrument at 90, 150, and 180 um is correlated with hydrogen 21 cm line data from the Effelsberg radio telescope. Extrapolation to zero hydrogen column density gives an estimate for the sum of extragalactic signal plus zodiacal light. The zodiacal light is subtracted using ISOPHOT data at shorter wavelengths. Thus, the resulting estimate of the far-infrared CIRB is based on ISO measurements alone. In the range 150 to 180 um, we obtain a CIRB value of 1.08+-0.32+-0.30 MJy/sr quoting statistical and systematic errors separately. In the 90 um band, we obtain a 2-sigma upper limit of 2.3 MJy/sr. The estimates derived from ISOPHOT far-infrared maps are consistent with the earlier COBE results.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 17 page