The Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium on the Availability of Fertilizer Phosphorus

While the specific objectives and the methods have not been identical in all states, the general objectives were quite similar and can be briefly stated as follows: 1. To make a biological evaluation of the effect of nitrogen and . potassium fertilizers added to soils on the availability of fertilizer phosphorus. 2. To study the effect of level of nitrogen and potassium content of the soil on the yield and phosphorus uptake of various crops. 3. To determine the effect of placement of nitrogen and potassium on phosphorus utilization by various crops. 4. To determine the mechanism by which one nutrient may affect the uptake of another nutrient by crops

Irrigation : Your Water, Your Soil

This publication provides guidance on interpreting the results of water and soil analyses. It describes what water is and what’s in it, interpreting the analysis, and the characteristics of soil, including texture, structure, organic matter, depth, fertility, salinity, alkali, specific toxic factors, and the interpretation

Claypan Soils: One-step Improvement

These claypan areas are more than a mere nuisance. They are harder to work than normal soils, and they are not as productive. They need to be improved. The field phases of this work were primarily deep plowing, irrigation, and addition of certain soil amendments. The laboratory phases were measurements of those characteristics which were presumed to be affected by the field practices. An Aberdeen silty clay loam (glossic Udic Natriboroll) site was leased for the 8-year experiment. The genetic claypan exists from about the 9- to 21-inch depth, but varies in thick ness and intensity of development. Small areas of certain associated soils were found, on detailed mapping of the site. Those recognized were Exline (Leptic Natriboroll), Harmony ( Pachic Udic Natriboroll), and Tetonk a (Argiaquic Argialboroll). These areas were delineated during the original sampling operation. The site selected was in the S 1/2 of S 1/2 of NE 1/ 4 sec. 20 , Tl l 7N, R63W, in Spink County

A Quantitative Occam's Razor

This paper derives an objective Bayesian "prior" based on considerations of entropy/information. By this means, it produces a quantitative measure of goodness of fit (the "H-statistic") that balances higher likelihood against the number of fitting parameters employed. The method is intended for phenomenological applications where the underlying theory is uncertain or unknown. For example, it can help decide whether the large angle anomalies in the CMB data should be taken seriously. I am therefore posting it now, even though it was published before the arxiv existed.Comment: plainTeX, 16 pages, no figures. Most current version is available at http://www.physics.syr.edu/~sorkin/some.papers/ (or wherever my home-page may be

The effect of loading on disturbance sounds of the Atlantic croaker Micropogonius undulatus: Air versus water

Physiological work on fish sound production may require exposure of the swimbladder to air, which will change its loading (radiation mass and resistance) and could affect parameters of emitted sounds. This issue was examined in Atlantic croaker Micropogonius chromis by recording sounds from the same individuals in air and water. Although sonograms appear relatively similar in both cases, pulse duration is longer because of decreased damping, and sharpness of tuning (Q factor) is higher in water. However, pulse repetition rate and dominant frequency are unaffected. With appropriate caution it is suggested that sounds recorded in air can provide a useful tool in understanding the function of various swimbladder adaptations and provide reasonable approximation of natural sounds. Further, they provide an avenue for experimentally manipulating the sonic system, which can reveal details of its function not available from intact fish underwater

Fertilizing Irrigated Rotations in the Proposed Oahe Irrigation Area

Some results of an experiment conducted from 1953 through 1962 at the Redfield Development Farm are compiled in this bulletin. The experiment evaluated various fertilizer rates and times of application in two irrigated rotations. Yield results are taken from 1957, 1958, 1960, and 1962. The information gathered prior to 1957 is omitted because one of the rotations was still in the first cycle. Data from 1959 are excluded because insufficient quantities of irrigation water produced uncommonly low crop yields. The 1961 data are discarded since technological difficulties abnormally affected crop yield measurements. Discarding these data is justified as these problems likely would not be encountered by farmers who eventually will irrigate similar soils

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) encompasses a number of disorders characterized by recurrent blister formation as the result of structural fragility within the skin and selected other tissues. All types and subtypes of EB are rare; the overall incidence and prevalence of the disease within the United States is approximately 19 per one million live births and 8 per one million population, respectively. Clinical manifestations range widely, from localized blistering of the hands and feet to generalized blistering of the skin and oral cavity, and injury to many internal organs. Each EB subtype is known to arise from mutations within the genes encoding for several different proteins, each of which is intimately involved in the maintenance of keratinocyte structural stability or adhesion of the keratinocyte to the underlying dermis. EB is best diagnosed and subclassified by the collective findings obtained via detailed personal and family history, in concert with the results of immunofluorescence antigenic mapping, transmission electron microscopy, and in some cases, by DNA analysis. Optimal patient management requires a multidisciplinary approach, and revolves around the protection of susceptible tissues against trauma, use of sophisticated wound care dressings, aggressive nutritional support, and early medical or surgical interventions to correct whenever possible the extracutaneous complications. Prognosis varies considerably and is based on both EB subtype and the overall health of the patient

Assessing regional-scale variability in deforestation and forest degradation rates in a tropical biodiversity hotspot

Deforestation and forest degradation are major drivers of global environmental change and tropical forests are subjected to unprecedented pressures from both.For most tropical zones, deforestation rates are averaged across entire countries,often without highlighting regional differentiation. There are also very few estimates of forest degradation, either averaged or localized for the tropics. We quantified regional and country-wide changes in deforestation and forest degradation rates for Madagascar from Landsat temporal data (in two intervals,1994–2002 and 2002–2014). To our knowledge, this is the first country-wide estimate of forest degradation for Madagascar. We also performed an intensity analysis to categorize the magnitude and speed of transitions between forest,vegetation matrix, cultivated land and exposed surface. We found significant regional heterogeneity in deforestation and forest degradation. Deforestation rates decreased annually in lowland evergreen moist forest by -0.24% and in all other vegetation zones. Forest degradation rates had annual increases in the same period in lowland evergreen moist forest (0.09%), littoral forest (0.06%)but decreased in medium altitude moist evergreen forest (-0.25%), dry deciduous forest (-0.23%) and scelrophyllous woodland (-0.61%) in the same period. Despite these regional differences, higher rates of deforestation and forest degradation were consistently driven by rapid and large-sized conversions of largely intact forest to cultivated lands and exposed surfaces, most of which occurred between 1994 and 2002. These results suggest that while targeted conservation projects may have reduced forest degradation rates in some areas (e.g.medium altitude moist evergreen forest), the drivers of land cover change remain intense in relatively neglected regions. We advocate a more balanced approach to future conservation initiatives, one recognizing that deforestation and forest degradation, particularly in tropical Africa, are often driven by region-specific conditions and therefore require conservation policies tailored for local conditions

Crop Production Practices for Irrigated Land in the James Basin and Angostura Areas

This bulletin presents agronomic irrigation information obtained since 1954. Most of the work reported herein was conducted at the Irrigation Development Farm near Redfield, but results from other irrigated research locations in South Dakota are included. Water management research, which concerned the consumptive use of water by plants, moisture extraction from the soil profile, field irrigation efficiencies, and sprinkler irrigation, was conducted in the period, 1948-1953. The results of this work prior to 1954 were reported in South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Circulars 104 and 107

Causality - Complexity - Consistency: Can Space-Time Be Based on Logic and Computation?

The difficulty of explaining non-local correlations in a fixed causal structure sheds new light on the old debate on whether space and time are to be seen as fundamental. Refraining from assuming space-time as given a priori has a number of consequences. First, the usual definitions of randomness depend on a causal structure and turn meaningless. So motivated, we propose an intrinsic, physically motivated measure for the randomness of a string of bits: its length minus its normalized work value, a quantity we closely relate to its Kolmogorov complexity (the length of the shortest program making a universal Turing machine output this string). We test this alternative concept of randomness for the example of non-local correlations, and we end up with a reasoning that leads to similar conclusions as in, but is conceptually more direct than, the probabilistic view since only the outcomes of measurements that can actually all be carried out together are put into relation to each other. In the same context-free spirit, we connect the logical reversibility of an evolution to the second law of thermodynamics and the arrow of time. Refining this, we end up with a speculation on the emergence of a space-time structure on bit strings in terms of data-compressibility relations. Finally, we show that logical consistency, by which we replace the abandoned causality, it strictly weaker a constraint than the latter in the multi-party case.Comment: 17 pages, 16 figures, small correction