Effect of heat treatment on rheological properties of mixed nectars based on cashew apple, mango and acerola pulps

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the rheological properties of mixed nectars, based on cashew apple, mango, and acerola pulps. Ten different formulations with different mass fractions of cashew apple, mango, and acerola pulps were prepared using a simplex centroid design [with a total of 35% (w/w) pulp] and submitted to heat treatment at 90 °C for 1 min. Samples were collected before and after heat treatment and characterization of their rheological properties was carried out. The rheological behaviour was obtained at 25 °C, with shear rate ranging from 108 to 500 s−1 (upward curve) and from 500 to 108 s−1 (downward curve) for 1 min with 25 readings for each curve. The Ostwald de Waele model showed to be a good fit for all formulations studied, which showed a non-Newtonian behaviour and a pseudoplastic character. Results of apparent viscosity for the non-heated formulations were well fitted by the linear model and the heat treated formulations by the cubic model. The heat treated formulations had higher (P<0.05) values of consistency index and apparent viscosity, as well as lower (P<0.05) values of flow behaviour index compared to non-heated formulations. The rheological characterization of these formulations is a very useful tool during product development and processing control of mixed nectars of fruit juice

GRASS UTILIZATION IN GROWING FINISHING BÍSARO PIGS (85-107 KG). PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION

The use of different quantities of vegetables, forages or fresh grass as fodder for growing-finishing pigs is an important factor of the northern Portugal traditional system. The increasing development of swine production in outdoor systems, extensive and organic production, turns to upcoming natural diets, in which grass performs a significant part. With regard to this, some investigation has been made concerning the use of fibre-rich feed ingredients in pig nutrition. Metabolic effects of its ingestion are analysed concerning different sights (economical, social, environmental and physiological ones). The aim of this work was to study the effects of grass utilization in the diets on performances of finishing Bísaro pigs. A total of 22 pigs (16 castrated males and 6 females) was housed outdoor and fed ad libitum (37 – 85 kg live weight) with a growing diet and then transferred to an indoor system (with free access to an outdoor area) for 49 days, according to 3 different treatments: 100% concentrate (C), 75% concentrate + ad libitum grass (CE75), 50% concentrate + ad libitum grass (CE50). The grass was supplied and its intake registered on a daily basis. Every 14 days, the pigs were weighted and their back fat (P2 in vivo) measured. After slaughter (average weight of 107 kg LW), yield and ½ left carcass characteristics were controlled. During the outdoor growing phase, the ADG was 513 g/day. During the indoor finishing phase, the increase grass intake was proportional to the reduction of concentrate in the diet. The ADG (g) and the fat deposition (P2 cm) were significantly different (P<0,05) in the 3 treatments (ADG: C=641, CE75=467, CE50=356 and: C=11,4, CE75=+9,5, CE50=+6,2). The empty body weight (kg) was also proportional to the intake of concentrate (C=116,2; CE75=107,7; CE50=102,2). Comparatively to the weight of the body parts, pigs that had higher intake of grass and lower of concentrate showed a higher % of shoulder (P<0,05; C=20,4, CE75=21,7, CE50=22,2) and the pH45min of CE carcasses was significantly higher (P<0,05). As a conclusion, concentrate substitution for grass showed a slower growing rate, thinner carcasses and a high technological quality. Neverthelles variability (CV %) of the productive parameters at the end of this study were higher in the treatments that included grass: live weight (C= 10,5%; C75=10,7%; C50=14,3%), finishing ADG (C=24%; C75=37%, C50=42%), and final fat (C=37%; C75=32%, C50=52%). These values suggest that the utilization of fibrous feeds in growing-finishing swine may be one of the possible explanations of the more heterogeneous products and carcasses found in the traditional or extensive systems, common users of fibrous feeds in the carcass finishing phase

The association between atypical femoral fractures and biphosphonates: review of the literature

ntrodução: Os bifosfonatos são a principal classe farmacológica usada na terapia anti-reabsortiva para a Osteoporose. Apesar da sua eficácia comprovada, vários trabalhos recentes sugeriram uma associação entre estes fármacos e o aparecimento de fraturas atípicas do fémur (FA). Materiais e Métodos: Os autores efetuaram uma revisão da literatura relativa a esta temá- tica na língua inglesa e portuguesa. Foram revistos 426 resumos e selecionados 94 artigos para revisão final. Resultados: A mudança dos critérios na definição e a qualidade dos estudos realizados são os principais limitadores na compreensão desta associação. Apesar de haver uma associação aparente entre estes fármacos e as FA, a intensidade desta é menos clara. Por outro lado os bifosfonatos têm décadas de experiência clínica, com vários ensaios clínicos e metanálises a demonstrar a sua eficácia a prevenir uma proporção muito mais significativa de fraturas osteoporóticas. Conclusões: Os bifosfonatos continuam a ser a escolha de primeira linha no tratamento da Osteoporose. São necessários mais estudos por forma a estabelecer com clareza a relação entre os bifosfonatos e FA e que elucidem como controlar e prevenir este fenómeno.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The association between atypical femoral fractures and biphosphonates: review of the literature

ntrodução: Os bifosfonatos são a principal classe farmacológica usada na terapia anti-reabsortiva para a Osteoporose. Apesar da sua eficácia comprovada, vários trabalhos recentes sugeriram uma associação entre estes fármacos e o aparecimento de fraturas atípicas do fémur (FA). Materiais e Métodos: Os autores efetuaram uma revisão da literatura relativa a esta temá- tica na língua inglesa e portuguesa. Foram revistos 426 resumos e selecionados 94 artigos para revisão final. Resultados: A mudança dos critérios na definição e a qualidade dos estudos realizados são os principais limitadores na compreensão desta associação. Apesar de haver uma associação aparente entre estes fármacos e as FA, a intensidade desta é menos clara. Por outro lado os bifosfonatos têm décadas de experiência clínica, com vários ensaios clínicos e metanálises a demonstrar a sua eficácia a prevenir uma proporção muito mais significativa de fraturas osteoporóticas. Conclusões: Os bifosfonatos continuam a ser a escolha de primeira linha no tratamento da Osteoporose. São necessários mais estudos por forma a estabelecer com clareza a relação entre os bifosfonatos e FA e que elucidem como controlar e prevenir este fenómeno.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio