Implementation Strategies: Distinctive Features, Advances and Shortcomings in the Application of Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA in Italy, Romania and Spain

[Resumen]: Este capítulo aborda las principales características de la aplicación del traslado transfronterizo de presos en Italia, Rumanía y España. Su objetivo es proporcionar al lector un análisis en profundidad de las principales estrategias aplicadas por estos Estados miembros para garantizar la plena eficacia de la DM 2008/909/JAI y las dificultades de su puesta en práctica. En concreto, muestra las particularidades relativas a la transposición del instrumento europeo en cada país, sobre el número de transferencias efectivamente ejecutadas y sus dificultades para garantizar la plena eficacia de la DM considerada. Basándose en la investigación documental y el trabajo de campo desarrollados en el proyecto RePers, este estudio aborda los avances en la implementación de la DF e identifica las deficiencias de la misma. Para concluir, este estudio proporciona notas comparativas útiles y una evaluación crítica de las principales deficiencias de las soluciones adoptadas a escala nacional.[Abstract]: This chapter addresses the main features of the implementation of cross-border transfer of prisoners in Italy, Romania and Spain. It aims to provide the reader with an indepth analysis of the major strategies enacted by these Member States to ensure the full effectiveness of FD 2008/909/JHA and the difficulties of putting it into practice. Specifically, it shows the particularities regarding the transposition of the European instrument in each country, on the number of transfers effectively executed and their difficulties to ensure the full effectiveness of the FD under consideration. Based on the desk research and fieldwork developed in the RePers project this study addresses the advances in implementing the FD and identifies the shortcomings of the implementation. To conclude, this study provides useful comparative notes and a critical assessment of the main shortcomings of the solutions adopted nationally

Dopamine-Induced Apoptosis of Lactotropes Is Mediated by the Short Isoform of D2 Receptor

Dopamine, through D2 receptor (D2R), is the major regulator of lactotrope function in the anterior pituitary gland. Both D2R isoforms, long (D2L) and short (D2S), are expressed in lactotropes. Although both isoforms can transduce dopamine signal, they differ in the mechanism that leads to cell response. The administration of D2R agonists, such as cabergoline, is the main pharmacological treatment for prolactinomas, but resistance to these drugs exists, which has been associated with alterations in D2R expression. We previously reported that dopamine and cabergoline induce apoptosis of lactotropes in primary culture in an estrogen-dependent manner. In this study we used an in vivo model to confirm the permissive action of estradiol in the apoptosis of anterior pituitary cells induced by D2R agonists. Administration of cabergoline to female rats induced apoptosis, measured by Annexin-V staining, in anterior pituitary gland from estradiol-treated rats but not from ovariectomized rats. To evaluate the participation of D2R isoforms in the apoptosis induced by dopamine we used lactotrope-derived PR1 cells stably transfected with expression vectors encoding D2L or D2S receptors. In the presence of estradiol, dopamine induced apoptosis, determined by ELISA and TUNEL assay, only in PR1-D2S cells. To study the role of p38 MAPK in apoptosis induced by D2R activation, anterior pituitary cells from primary culture or PR1-D2S were incubated with an inhibitor of the p38 MAPK pathway (SB203850). SB203580 blocked the apoptotic effect of D2R activation in lactotropes from primary cultures and PR1-D2S cells. Dopamine also induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, determined by western blot, in PR1-D2S cells and estradiol enhanced this effect. These data suggest that, in the presence of estradiol, D2R agonists induce apoptosis of lactotropes by their interaction with D2S receptors and that p38 MAPK is involved in this process